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| occupation = Vice-minister, security agent
| occupation = Vice-minister, security agent
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'''Roman Romkowski''' born '''Natan Grünspan-Kikiel''',<ref name="T-P">[[Tadeusz Piotrowski (sociologist)|Tadeusz Piotrowski]], [https://books.google.com/books?id=A4FlatJCro4C&pg=PA60&dq=%221.+General+Roman+Romkowski%22&hl=en&ei=EsPvTJrzGoP88AaqoKTVDA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCYQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=%221.%20General%20Roman%20Romkowski%22&f=false ''Poland's holocaust''. Page 60] McFarland, 1998. {{ISBN|0-7864-0371-3}}. 437 pages.</ref> (May 22, 1907 – July 1, 1965) was a Polish [[Apparatchik|communist official]] of Jewish background trained by [[Comintern]] in [[Moscow]],<ref name="republika" /> who changed his name and settled into [[Warsaw]] after the Soviet takeover,<ref name="TP-64">[https://books.google.ca/books?id=A4FlatJCro4C&pg=PA60&dq=%221.+General+Roman+Romkowski%22&hl=en&ei=EsPvTJrzGoP88AaqoKTVDA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Romkowski&f=false Piotrowski 1998, ibid, p. 64.]</ref> and became second in command (the deputy [[Minister (government)|minister]])<ref name="T-P" /> in Berman's [[Ministry of Public Security of Poland|Ministry of Public Security]] (MBP) during the late 1940s and early 1950s.<ref name="T-P" /> Along with several other high functionaries including Dir.&nbsp;[[Anatol Fejgin]], Col. [[Józef Różański]], Dir. [[Julia Brystiger]] and the chief supervisor of Polish State Security Services, Minister [[Jakub Berman]] from the [[Politburo]], Romkowski came to symbolize communist terror in postwar Poland.<ref name="gazeta">{{cite web |url=http://wyborcza.pl/1,76842,969036.html |title="Zmarl Anatol Fejgin, ostatni z kierownictwa UB," |accessdate=2013-06-21 |deadurl=bot: unknown |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811040557/http://wyborcza.pl/1,76842,969036.html |archivedate=August 11, 2011 |df= }} [[Gazeta Wyborcza]], 11 Sept. 2002, [[Warsaw]]. Retrieved from Internet Archive, June 21, 2013.</ref> He was responsible for the work of departments: Counter-espionage (1st), Espionage (7th), Security in the {{nowrap|[[Polish Workers' Party|PPR]]–[[Polish United Workers' Party|PZPR]]}} (10th Dept. run by Fejgin), and others.<ref name="republika">[http://mbp_x.republika.pl/html/romkowski.htm Roman Romkowski biography], "Niewinnie straceni w latach 1945–56". OptimusNet. {{pl icon}}</ref><ref name="B-F" />
General '''Roman Romkowski''' (born ''Natan Grinszpan-Kikiel'') (May 22, 1907, [[Moscow]] – July 1, 1965, [[Warsaw]]) was a [[Poland|Polish]] [[communist]], and second in command (deputy minister) in Poland's [[Ministry of Public Security of Poland|Ministry of Public Security]] (MBP) during the 1940s and the beginning of 1950's. He was responsible for the workings of departments: I<sup>st</sup> (counter-espionage), VII<sup>th</sup> (espionage), X<sup>th</sup> security in [[Polish Workers' Party|PPR]]/[[Polish United Workers' Party|PZPR]], and more.{{cn|date=May 2019}}

== Arrest ==
Romkowski was arrested on April 23, 1956, during the socialist [[Polish October]] revolution,<ref name="B-F" /> and brought to trial along with functionaries responsible for gross violations of human rights law and their abuse of power.<ref name="H-L">Heather Laskey, [https://books.google.ca/books?id=auEDcXd2mrsC&pg=PA193&dq=%22Roman+Romkowski%22&cd=2#v=onepage&q=%22Roman%20Romkowski%22&f=false ''Night voices: heard in the shadow of Hitler and Stalin''. Pages 191&ndash;194], McGill-Queen's Press MQUP, 2003. {{ISBN|0-7735-2606-4}}. 254 pages.</ref> Historian Heather Laskey alleges that it was probably not a coincidence that the high ranking Stalinist security officers put on trial by Gomułka were {{nowrap|Jews.<ref name="H-L" />}} [[Władysław Gomułka]] was captured by [[Józef Światło|Światło]] and imprisoned by Romkowski in 1951 on Soviet orders, and interrogated by both, him and Fejgin. Gomułka escaped physical torture only as a close associate of [[Joseph Stalin]],<ref name="LIFE">[https://books.google.ca/books?id=wkEEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA172&dq=%22Roman+Romkowski%22&cd=3#v=onepage&q=%22Roman%20Romkowski%22&f=false "Poland's New Chief", LIFE Magazine, 26 November 1956. Pages: 173&ndash;182,] [[Google Books]]</ref> and was released three years later.<ref name="Memoirs">Nikita Sergeevich Khrushchev, Sergeĭ Khrushchev, George Shriver, Stephen Shenfield, [https://books.google.ca/books?id=nR0f25dmbn0C&pg=PT653&lpg=PT653&dq=Gomu%C5%82ka+1951%2B1954&source=bl&ots=zOwNC5PAg-&sig=RRLacvSopi2icgfR_hxk4hhNoCE&hl=en&ei=aYvyTNK8MoKglAfKwPG4DA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=5&ved=0CDoQ6AEwBA#v=onepage&q&f=false ''Memoirs of Nikita Khrushchev: Statesman, 1953-1964.'' Page 643.] Penn State Press, 2007. {{ISBN|0-271-02935-8}}. 1126 pages.</ref>

==The court proceedings==
At trial, Col. Różański didn't deny that he routinely tortured prisoners including [[Polish United Workers' Party]] members, and he didn't apologize for his actions. Instead, he pointed a finger at Romkowski and continuously repeated the [[wikt:the end justifies the means|Leninist argument]] of justification of any means to an end. For him, torturing people was a daily double-shift job, nothing more, nothing less. He admitted that all charges against his victims were falsified on site by his department.<ref name="H-L" />

Roman Romkowski had been put on trial along with Józef Różański and a second Jewish defendant from his department, Anatol Fejgin. Romkowski insisted that Różański should have been removed already in 1949 for his destructive activities, even though, Romkowski himself taught Różański everything about torture.<ref name="H-L" /> Both, Romkowski and Różański, were sentenced to 15 years in prison on 11 November 1957,<ref name="B-F" /><ref name="J-T">Jacek Topyło, [http://www.glaukopis.pl/pdf/pafddxmbp.pdf "Dossier oprawców."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111003095500/http://www.glaukopis.pl/pdf/pafddxmbp.pdf |date=2011-10-03 }} ''Glaukopis'' Magazine, 2007. {{cite web|url= |title=Page 3.&nbsp; }}Page 3.&nbsp;&nbsp;{{small|(210.5 KB)}} &nbsp;{{ISSN|1730-3419}} {{pl icon}}</ref> for unlawful imprisonment and mistreatment of innocent detainees. Feign was sentenced to 12 years, on similar charges.<ref name="B-F">Barbara Fijałkowska, [http://www.abcnet.com.pl/node/2338 RÓŻAŃSKI "LIBERAŁEM"]{{dead link|date=April 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, 15 December 2002, Fundacja Orientacja ''abcnet''; see also: B. Fijałkowska, ''Borejsza i Różański. Przyczynek do dziejów stalinizmu w Polsce'', {{ISBN|83-85513-49-3}}. {{pl icon}}</ref><ref name="H-L" /><ref name="J-T" />

A well-known writer [[Kazimierz Moczarski]] from [[Armia Krajowa|AK]], interrogated by Romkowski's subordinates from January 9, 1949 till June 6, 1951, described 49 different types of torture he endured. Beatings included truncheon blows to bridge of nose, salivary glands, chin, shoulder blades, bare feet and toes (particularly painful), heels (ten blows each foot, several times a day), cigarette burns on lips and eyelids and burning of fingers. Sleep deprivation, resulting in near-madness – meant standing upright in a narrow cell for seven to nine days with frequent blows to the face – a hallucinatory method called by the interrogators "Zakopane". General Romkowski told him on November 30, 1948, that he personally requested this "sheer hell".<ref name="SC-MK">Stéphane Courtois, Mark Kramer, [https://books.google.ca/books?id=H1jsgYCoRioC&pg=PA378&dq=%22Roman+Romkowski%22&cd=8#v=onepage&q=%22Roman%20Romkowski%22&f=false ''Livre noir du Communisme: crimes, terreur, répression''.] The Black Book of Communism: Crimes, Terror, Repression, ''[[Harvard University Press]]'', 1999, 858 pages. {{ISBN|0-674-07608-7}}. Pages 377–378.</ref>

The court announced that the actions of Roman Romkowski and his Ministry demoralised the Party as much as its own functionaries. Jakub Berman, the chief supervisor of State Security Services incriminated by [[Józef Światło]] who defected to [[Western world|the West]], resigned from his [[Politburo]] post in May and was evaluated by the 20th Congress, which launched a process of partial democratisation of Polish political as well as economic life. The number of security agents at the ministry was cut by 22%, and 9,000 socialist and populist politicians were released from prison on top of some 34,644 detainees across the country.<ref name="Gluchowski">{{cite web | url=https://independent.academia.edu/LeszekGluchowski/Books/536583/Gluchowski_Leszek._The_Collapse_of_Stalinist_Rule_in_Poland_The_Polish_United_Workers_Party_from_the_XX_CPSU_Congress_to_the_VIII_KC_PZPR_Plenum_February-October_1956._Unpublished_Doctoral_Dissertation_University_of_Cambridge_September_1991 | title=The Collapse of Stalinist Rule in Poland | publisher=[[University of Cambridge]], [[King's College, Cambridge|King's College]] Faculty of Social and Political Sciences | year=1991 | accessdate=June 1, 2011 | author=Leszek Wlodzimierz Gluchowski | page=100 | deadurl=yes | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111006085156/http://independent.academia.edu/LeszekGluchowski/Books/536583/Gluchowski_Leszek._The_Collapse_of_Stalinist_Rule_in_Poland_The_Polish_United_Workers_Party_from_the_XX_CPSU_Congress_to_the_VIII_KC_PZPR_Plenum_February-October_1956._Unpublished_Doctoral_Dissertation_University_of_Cambridge_September_1991 | archivedate=October 6, 2011 | df= }}</ref> "The routing of the Polish Stalinists was indeed complete."<ref name="AKW">A. Kemp-Welch, [https://books.google.ca/books?id=CIJlVVlJ1C8C&pg=PA84&dq=%22Roman+Romkowski%22&cd=10#v=onepage&q=%22Roman%20Romkowski%22&f=false ''Poland under Communism: a Cold War history''. Pages 83-85.] [[Cambridge University Press]], 2008. {{ISBN|0-521-71117-7}}. 444 pages.</ref>


==See also==
==See also==
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[[Category:Polish United Workers' Party members]]
[[Category:Polish United Workers' Party members]]
[[Category:Polish intelligence officers (1943–90)]]
[[Category:Polish intelligence officers (1943–90)]]
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Revision as of 07:00, 30 May 2019

Roman Romkowski
Roman Romkowski
Roman Romkowski
aka Natan Grinszpan-Kikiel
Born(1907-05-22)May 22, 1907
Moscow, Russian Empire
DiedJuly 1, 1965(1965-07-01) (aged 58)
Warsaw, Poland
Other namesNatan Grünspan
CitizenshipPolish
Occupation(s)Vice-minister, security agent
Known forState Security Services (Urząd Bezpieczeństwa)

Roman Romkowski born Natan Grünspan-Kikiel,[1] (May 22, 1907 – July 1, 1965) was a Polish communist official of Jewish background trained by Comintern in Moscow,[2] who changed his name and settled into Warsaw after the Soviet takeover,[3] and became second in command (the deputy minister)[1] in Berman's Ministry of Public Security (MBP) during the late 1940s and early 1950s.[1] Along with several other high functionaries including Dir. Anatol Fejgin, Col. Józef Różański, Dir. Julia Brystiger and the chief supervisor of Polish State Security Services, Minister Jakub Berman from the Politburo, Romkowski came to symbolize communist terror in postwar Poland.[4] He was responsible for the work of departments: Counter-espionage (1st), Espionage (7th), Security in the PPR–PZPR (10th Dept. run by Fejgin), and others.[2][5]

Arrest

Romkowski was arrested on April 23, 1956, during the socialist Polish October revolution,[5] and brought to trial along with functionaries responsible for gross violations of human rights law and their abuse of power.[6] Historian Heather Laskey alleges that it was probably not a coincidence that the high ranking Stalinist security officers put on trial by Gomułka were Jews.[6] Władysław Gomułka was captured by Światło and imprisoned by Romkowski in 1951 on Soviet orders, and interrogated by both, him and Fejgin. Gomułka escaped physical torture only as a close associate of Joseph Stalin,[7] and was released three years later.[8]

The court proceedings

At trial, Col. Różański didn't deny that he routinely tortured prisoners including Polish United Workers' Party members, and he didn't apologize for his actions. Instead, he pointed a finger at Romkowski and continuously repeated the Leninist argument of justification of any means to an end. For him, torturing people was a daily double-shift job, nothing more, nothing less. He admitted that all charges against his victims were falsified on site by his department.[6]

Roman Romkowski had been put on trial along with Józef Różański and a second Jewish defendant from his department, Anatol Fejgin. Romkowski insisted that Różański should have been removed already in 1949 for his destructive activities, even though, Romkowski himself taught Różański everything about torture.[6] Both, Romkowski and Różański, were sentenced to 15 years in prison on 11 November 1957,[5][9] for unlawful imprisonment and mistreatment of innocent detainees. Feign was sentenced to 12 years, on similar charges.[5][6][9]

A well-known writer Kazimierz Moczarski from AK, interrogated by Romkowski's subordinates from January 9, 1949 till June 6, 1951, described 49 different types of torture he endured. Beatings included truncheon blows to bridge of nose, salivary glands, chin, shoulder blades, bare feet and toes (particularly painful), heels (ten blows each foot, several times a day), cigarette burns on lips and eyelids and burning of fingers. Sleep deprivation, resulting in near-madness – meant standing upright in a narrow cell for seven to nine days with frequent blows to the face – a hallucinatory method called by the interrogators "Zakopane". General Romkowski told him on November 30, 1948, that he personally requested this "sheer hell".[10]

The court announced that the actions of Roman Romkowski and his Ministry demoralised the Party as much as its own functionaries. Jakub Berman, the chief supervisor of State Security Services incriminated by Józef Światło who defected to the West, resigned from his Politburo post in May and was evaluated by the 20th Congress, which launched a process of partial democratisation of Polish political as well as economic life. The number of security agents at the ministry was cut by 22%, and 9,000 socialist and populist politicians were released from prison on top of some 34,644 detainees across the country.[11] "The routing of the Polish Stalinists was indeed complete."[12]

See also

Notes and references

  1. ^ a b c Tadeusz Piotrowski, Poland's holocaust. Page 60 McFarland, 1998. ISBN 0-7864-0371-3. 437 pages.
  2. ^ a b Roman Romkowski biography, "Niewinnie straceni w latach 1945–56". OptimusNet. Template:Pl icon
  3. ^ Piotrowski 1998, ibid, p. 64.
  4. ^ ""Zmarl Anatol Fejgin, ostatni z kierownictwa UB,"". Archived from the original on August 11, 2011. Retrieved 2013-06-21. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help) Gazeta Wyborcza, 11 Sept. 2002, Warsaw. Retrieved from Internet Archive, June 21, 2013.
  5. ^ a b c d Barbara Fijałkowska, RÓŻAŃSKI "LIBERAŁEM"[permanent dead link], 15 December 2002, Fundacja Orientacja abcnet; see also: B. Fijałkowska, Borejsza i Różański. Przyczynek do dziejów stalinizmu w Polsce, ISBN 83-85513-49-3. Template:Pl icon
  6. ^ a b c d e Heather Laskey, Night voices: heard in the shadow of Hitler and Stalin. Pages 191–194, McGill-Queen's Press MQUP, 2003. ISBN 0-7735-2606-4. 254 pages.
  7. ^ "Poland's New Chief", LIFE Magazine, 26 November 1956. Pages: 173–182, Google Books
  8. ^ Nikita Sergeevich Khrushchev, Sergeĭ Khrushchev, George Shriver, Stephen Shenfield, Memoirs of Nikita Khrushchev: Statesman, 1953-1964. Page 643. Penn State Press, 2007. ISBN 0-271-02935-8. 1126 pages.
  9. ^ a b Jacek Topyło, "Dossier oprawców." Archived 2011-10-03 at the Wayback Machine Glaukopis Magazine, 2007. "Page 3. ". {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |url= (help)Page 3.  (210.5 KB)  ISSN 1730-3419 Template:Pl icon
  10. ^ Stéphane Courtois, Mark Kramer, Livre noir du Communisme: crimes, terreur, répression. The Black Book of Communism: Crimes, Terror, Repression, Harvard University Press, 1999, 858 pages. ISBN 0-674-07608-7. Pages 377–378.
  11. ^ Leszek Wlodzimierz Gluchowski (1991). "The Collapse of Stalinist Rule in Poland". University of Cambridge, King's College Faculty of Social and Political Sciences. p. 100. Archived from the original on October 6, 2011. Retrieved June 1, 2011. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  12. ^ A. Kemp-Welch, Poland under Communism: a Cold War history. Pages 83-85. Cambridge University Press, 2008. ISBN 0-521-71117-7. 444 pages.
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