Japanese encephalitis vaccine: Difference between revisions

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2022}}

{{Infobox drug

| Verifiedfields = changed

| verifiedrevid = 428786431

| image = Japanese encephalitis vaccine "ENCEVAC"2016.jpg

| caption = Japanese encephalitis vaccine Encevac

<!-- Vacine data -->

| type = vaccine

| target = Japanese encephalitis

| vaccine_type = Inactivated or attenuated

<!-- Clinical data -->

| tradename = Ixiaro, Imojev

| Drugs.com = {{drugs.com|monograph|ixiaro}}

| MedlinePlus = a607019

| DailyMedID = Ixiaro

| pregnancy_AU = B1

| pregnancy_AU_comment = <ref name="Drugs.com pregnancy">{{drugs.com|pregnancy|japanese-enceph-vacc-sa14-14-2-inactivated}}</ref>

| pregnancy_US = B

| pregnancy_US_comment = <ref name="Drugs.com pregnancy" />

| pregnancy_category =

| legal_AU = <!-- S2, S3, S4, S5, S6, S7, S8, S9 or Unscheduled -->

| legal_CA = <!-- Schedule I, II, III, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII -->

| legal_UK = POM

| legal_US = Rx-only

| legal_status =

<!-- Identifiers -->

| ChemSpiderID_Ref = {{chemspidercite|changed|chemspider}}

| ChemSpiderID = none

| CAS_number_Ref = {{cascite|correct|??}}

| CAS_number = 1196872-36-2

| ATC_prefix = J07

| ATC_suffix = BA01

| ATC_supplemental = {{ATC|J07|BA02}} {{ATC|J07|BA03}}

| PubChem =

| DrugBank_Ref = {{drugbankcite|correct|drugbank}}

| DrugBank =

<!-- Chemical data -->

<!-- Definition and medical uses -->

'''Japanese encephalitis vaccine''' is a [[vaccine]] that protects against [[Japanese encephalitis]].<ref name=WHO2015>{{cite journal | vauthors = | title = Japanese Encephalitis Vaccines: WHO position paper – February 2015 | journal = Relevé Épidémiologique Hebdomadaire | volume = 90 | issue = 9 | pages = 69–87 | date = February 2015 | pmid = 25726573 | hdl = 10665/242325 | author-link = World Health Organization }}<br />{{cite web |title=Summary of the WHO Position Paper on Vaccines against Japanese encephalitis (JE) |url=https://www.who.int/immunization/policy/position_papers/pp_je_feb2015_summary.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150606064035/https://www.who.int/immunization/policy/position_papers/pp_je_feb2015_summary.pdf |archive-date=6 June 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The vaccines are more than 90% effective.<ref name=WHO2015/> The duration of protection with the vaccine is not clear but its effectiveness appears to decrease over time.<ref name=WHO2015/> Doses are given either by [[intramuscular|injection into a muscle]] or [[subcutaneous injection|just under the skin]].<ref name=WHO2015/>

<!-- Recommendations -->

It is recommended as part of [[routine immunizations]] in countries where the disease is a problem.<ref name=WHO2015/> One or two doses are given depending on the version of the vaccine.<ref name=WHO2015/> Extra doses are not typically needed in areas where the disease is common.<ref name=WHO2015/> In those with [[HIV/AIDS]] or those who are [[pregnant]] an [[inactivated vaccine]] should be used.<ref name=WHO2015/> Immunization of travellers who plan to spend time outdoors in areas where the disease is common is recommended.<ref name=WHO2015/>

<!-- Safety and formulations -->

The vaccines are relatively safe.<ref name=WHO2015/> Pain and redness may occur at the site of injection.<ref name=WHO2015/> {{As of|2015}}, 15 different vaccines are available:<ref name=WHO2015/> some are based on [[recombinant DNA]] techniques, others weakened virus, and others inactivated virus.<ref name=WHO2015/>

<!-- History, society, and culture -->

The Japanese encephalitis vaccines first became available in the 1930s.<ref name=Pa2008>{{cite journal | vauthors = Paulke-Korinek M, Kollaritsch H | title = Japanese encephalitis and vaccines: past and future prospects | journal = Wiener Klinische Wochenschrift | volume = 120 | issue = 19-20 Suppl 4 | pages = 15–19 | date = 2008 | pmid = 19066766 | doi = 10.1007/s00508-008-1071-9 | quote = Furthermore, vaccines against JEV have been available since the 1930s. | s2cid = 7170010 }}</ref> It is on the [[WHO Model List of Essential Medicines|World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines]].<ref name="WHO21st">{{cite book | vauthors = ((World Health Organization)) | title = World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 21st list 2019 | year = 2019 | hdl = 10665/325771 | author-link = World Health Organization | publisher = World Health Organization | location = Geneva | id = WHO/MVP/EMP/IAU/2019.06. License: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO | hdl-access=free }}</ref><ref name="WHO22nd">{{cite book | vauthors = ((World Health Organization)) | title = World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 22nd list (2021) | year = 2021 | hdl = 10665/345533 | author-link = World Health Organization | publisher = World Health Organization | location = Geneva | id = WHO/MHP/HPS/EML/2021.02 | hdl-access=free }}</ref>

==Efficacy==

[[Randomized control trial]]s on JE-VAX have shown that a two-dose schedule provides protection for one year.<ref name="pmid17636750"/>

==History==

Japanese encephalitis vaccines first became available in the 1930s.<ref name=Pa2008/> One of them was an inactivated [[mouse brain]]-derived vaccine (the Nakayama and/or Beijing-1 strain), made by BIKEN and marketed by [[Sanofi Pasteur]] as JE-VAX, until production ceased in 2005. The other was an inactivated vaccine cultivated on primary hamster kidney cells (the Beijing-3 strain). The Beijing-3 strain was the main variant of the vaccine used in the [[People's Republic of China]] from 1968 until 2005.<ref name="pmid20218889">{{cite journal | vauthors = Halstead SB, Thomas SJ | title = Japanese encephalitis: new options for active immunization | journal = Clinical Infectious Diseases | volume = 50 | issue = 8 | pages = 1155–1164 | date = April 2010 | pmid = 20218889 | doi = 10.1086/651271 | doi-access = free }}</ref>

Three second-generation vaccines have entered markets since then: SA14-14-2, IC51 and ChimeriVax-JE. The live-attenuated SA14-14-2 strain was introduced in China in 1988. It is much cheaper than alternative vaccines, and is administered to 20 million Chinese children each year.<ref name="pmid17636750">{{cite journal | vauthors = Schiøler KL, Samuel M, Wai KL | title = Vaccines for preventing Japanese encephalitis | journal = The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews | volume = 2007 | issue = 3 | pages = CD004263 | date = July 2007 | pmid = 17636750 | pmc = 6532601 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD004263.pub2 }}</ref>

A purified, formalin-inactivated, wholevirus vaccine known as IC51 (marketed in Australia and New Zealand as JESPECT and elsewhere as IXIARO) was licensed for use in the United States, Australia, and Europe during the spring of 2009. It is based on a SA14-14-2 strain and cultivated in [[Vero cell]]s.<ref name="pmid20218889"/> In September 2012, the Indian firm [[Biological E. Limited]] launched an [[Inactivated vaccine|inactivated cell culture]] derived vaccine based on SA 14-14-2 strain which was developed in a technology transfer agreement with [[Intercell]] and is a [[thiomersal]]-free vaccine.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://pharmabiz.com/NewsDetails.aspx?aid=71186&sid=1 |title=Jeev an inactivated Japanese Encephalitis vaccine launched in Hyderabad |publisher=pharmabiz.com |date=15 September 2012 |access-date=11 January 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121023150048/http://pharmabiz.com/NewsDetails.aspx?aid=71186&sid=1 |archive-date=23 October 2012 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fiercevaccines.com/story/intercells-jeev-vaccine-debuts-india/2012-09-17 |title=Intercell's Jeev vaccine debuts in India |date=17 September 2012 | vauthors = Bryant A |access-date=11 January 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130119063009/http://www.fiercevaccines.com/story/intercells-jeev-vaccine-debuts-india/2012-09-17 |archive-date=19 January 2013 }}</ref>

Another vaccine, a live-attenuated recombinant chimeric virus vaccine developed using the [[Yellow fever|Yellow fever virus]]<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Appaiahgari MB, Vrati S | title = IMOJEV(®): a Yellow fever virus-based novel Japanese encephalitis vaccine | journal = Expert Review of Vaccines | volume = 9 | issue = 12 | pages = 1371–1384 | date = December 2010 | pmid = 21105774 | doi = 10.1586/erv.10.139 | s2cid = 35567599 }}</ref> known as ChimeriVax-JE (marketed as IMOJEV) was licensed for use in Australia in August 2010<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Halstead SB, Thomas SJ | title = New Japanese encephalitis vaccines: alternatives to production in mouse brain | journal = Expert Review of Vaccines | volume = 10 | issue = 3 | pages = 355–364 | date = March 2011 | pmid = 21434803 | doi = 10.1586/erv.11.7 | s2cid = 31362697 }}</ref> and in Thailand in December 2012.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bangkokpost.com/business/news/377659/drug-joint-venture-plans-new-vaccine|title=Drug joint venture plans new vaccine|work=Bangkok Post|access-date=18 December 2013|date=2 November 2013}}</ref>

== References ==

{{Reflist}}

== External links ==

* {{cite web | url = https://druginfo.nlm.nih.gov/drugportal/name/japanese%20encephalitis%20vaccine | publisher = U.S. National Library of Medicine | work = Drug Information Portal | title = Japanese Encephalitis Vaccine }}

* {{cite web | title=Japanese Encephalitis Vaccine Information Statement | website=U.S. [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] (CDC) | date=August 2019 | url=https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/hcp/vis/vis-statements/je-ixiaro.html }}

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[[Category:Inactivated vaccines]]

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