Template:Notable flu pandemics: Difference between revisions

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! World pop.
! World pop.
! Subtype
! Subtype
! Reproduction rate<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Biggerstaff|first=Matthew|last2=Cauchemez|first2=Simon|last3=Reed|first3=Carrie|last4=Gambhir|first4=Manoj|last5=Finelli|first5=Lyn|date=2014-09-04|title=Estimates of the reproduction number for seasonal, pandemic, and zoonotic influenza: a systematic review of the literature|url=https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2334-14-480|journal=BMC Infectious Diseases|volume=14|issue=1|pages=480|doi=10.1186/1471-2334-14-480|issn=1471-2334|pmc=4169819|pmid=25186370}}</ref>
! Reproduction rate<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|last=Biggerstaff|first=Matthew|last2=Cauchemez|first2=Simon|last3=Reed|first3=Carrie|last4=Gambhir|first4=Manoj|last5=Finelli|first5=Lyn|date=2014-09-04|title=Estimates of the reproduction number for seasonal, pandemic, and zoonotic influenza: a systematic review of the literature|url=https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2334-14-480|journal=BMC Infectious Diseases|volume=14|issue=1|pages=480|doi=10.1186/1471-2334-14-480|issn=1471-2334|pmc=4169819|pmid=25186370}}</ref>
! Infected (est.)
! Infected (est.)
! Deaths worldwide
! Deaths worldwide
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| 1.80 billion
| 1.80 billion
| [[H1N1]]
| [[H1N1]]
| 1.80 (IQR,{{nbsp}}1.47–2.27)
| 1.80 (IQR,{{nbsp}}1.47–2.27)<ref name=":3" />
| 33% (500&nbsp;million)<ref>{{Cite journal|vauthors=Taubenberger JK, Morens DM|date=January 2006|title=1918 Influenza: the mother of all pandemics|journal=Emerging Infectious Diseases|volume=12|issue=1|pages=15–22|doi=10.3201/eid1201.050979|pmc=3291398|pmid=16494711}}</ref>
| 33% (500&nbsp;million)<ref>{{Cite journal|vauthors=Taubenberger JK, Morens DM|date=January 2006|title=1918 Influenza: the mother of all pandemics|journal=Emerging Infectious Diseases|volume=12|issue=1|pages=15–22|doi=10.3201/eid1201.050979|pmc=3291398|pmid=16494711}}</ref>
| 20<ref name=":0" /><ref name="WHOpandemic2009">{{cite web|url=https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/44123/9789241547680_eng.pdf|title=Pandemic influenza preparedness and response : a who guidance document 2009|last=|first=|date=2009|website=|publisher=|pages=13|url-status=live|archiveurl=|archivedate=|accessdate=|ISBN=9789241547680}}</ref>–100<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Morens|first=David M.|last2=Fauci|first2=Anthony S.|date=2007-04-01|title=The 1918 Influenza Pandemic: Insights for the 21st Century|url=https://academic.oup.com/jid/article/195/7/1018/800918|journal=The Journal of Infectious Diseases|language=en|volume=195|issue=7|pages=1018–1028|doi=10.1086/511989|issn=0022-1899}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Johnson|first=Niall P. A. S.|last2=Mueller|first2=Juergen|date=2002|title=Updating the accounts: global mortality of the 1918-1920 "Spanish" influenza pandemic|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11875246|journal=Bulletin of the History of Medicine|volume=76|issue=1|pages=105–115|doi=10.1353/bhm.2002.0022|issn=0007-5140|pmid=11875246}}</ref>{{nbsp}}million
| 20<ref name=":0" /><ref name="WHOpandemic2009">{{cite web|url=https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/44123/9789241547680_eng.pdf|title=Pandemic influenza preparedness and response : a who guidance document 2009|last=|first=|date=2009|website=|publisher=|pages=13|url-status=live|archiveurl=|archivedate=|accessdate=|ISBN=9789241547680}}</ref>–100<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Morens|first=David M.|last2=Fauci|first2=Anthony S.|date=2007-04-01|title=The 1918 Influenza Pandemic: Insights for the 21st Century|url=https://academic.oup.com/jid/article/195/7/1018/800918|journal=The Journal of Infectious Diseases|language=en|volume=195|issue=7|pages=1018–1028|doi=10.1086/511989|issn=0022-1899}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Johnson|first=Niall P. A. S.|last2=Mueller|first2=Juergen|date=2002|title=Updating the accounts: global mortality of the 1918-1920 "Spanish" influenza pandemic|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11875246|journal=Bulletin of the History of Medicine|volume=76|issue=1|pages=105–115|doi=10.1353/bhm.2002.0022|issn=0007-5140|pmid=11875246}}</ref>{{nbsp}}million
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| 2.90 billion
| 2.90 billion
| [[H2N2]]
| [[H2N2]]
| 1.65 (IQR,{{nbsp}}1.53–1.70)
| 1.65 (IQR,{{nbsp}}1.53–1.70)<ref name=":3" />
| 8–33% (0.25 – 1{{nbsp}}billion)
| 8–33% (0.25 – 1{{nbsp}}billion)
| 1–4{{nbsp}}million<ref name=":0" />
| 1–4{{nbsp}}million<ref name=":0" />
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| 3.53 billion
| 3.53 billion
| [[H3N2]]
| [[H3N2]]
| 1.80 (IQR,{{nbsp}}1.56–1.85)
| 1.80 (IQR,{{nbsp}}1.56–1.85)<ref name=":3" />
| 7–28% (0.25 – 1{{nbsp}}billion)
| 7–28% (0.25 – 1{{nbsp}}billion)
| 1–4{{nbsp}}million<ref name=":0" />
| 1–4{{nbsp}}million<ref name=":0" />
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| 6.85 billion
| 6.85 billion
| [[Pandemic H1N1/09 virus|H1N1/09]]
| [[Pandemic H1N1/09 virus|H1N1/09]]
| 1.46 (IQR,{{nbsp}}1.30–1.70)
| 1.46 (IQR,{{nbsp}}1.30–1.70)<ref name=":3" />
| 11-21% (0.7–1.4 billion)<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Kelly|first=Heath|last2=Peck|first2=Heidi A.|last3=Laurie|first3=Karen L.|last4=Wu|first4=Peng|last5=Nishiura|first5=Hiroshi|last6=Cowling|first6=Benjamin J.|date=2011-08-05|title=The Age-Specific Cumulative Incidence of Infection with Pandemic Influenza H1N1 2009 Was Similar in Various Countries Prior to Vaccination|url=https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0021828|journal=PLOS ONE|language=en|volume=6|issue=8|pages=e21828|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0021828|issn=1932-6203|pmc=3151238|pmid=21850217}}</ref>
| 11-21% (0.7–1.4 billion)<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Kelly|first=Heath|last2=Peck|first2=Heidi A.|last3=Laurie|first3=Karen L.|last4=Wu|first4=Peng|last5=Nishiura|first5=Hiroshi|last6=Cowling|first6=Benjamin J.|date=2011-08-05|title=The Age-Specific Cumulative Incidence of Infection with Pandemic Influenza H1N1 2009 Was Similar in Various Countries Prior to Vaccination|url=https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0021828|journal=PLOS ONE|language=en|volume=6|issue=8|pages=e21828|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0021828|issn=1932-6203|pmc=3151238|pmid=21850217}}</ref>
| 151,700–575,400<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Dawood FS, Iuliano AD, Reed C, Meltzer MI, Shay DK, Cheng PY, Bandaranayake D, Breiman RF, Brooks WA, Buchy P, Feikin DR, Fowler KB, Gordon A, Hien NT, Horby P, Huang QS, Katz MA, Krishnan A, Lal R, Montgomery JM, Mølbak K, Pebody R, Presanis AM, Razuri H, Steens A, Tinoco YO, Wallinga J, Yu H, Vong S, Bresee J, Widdowson MA | display-authors = 3 | title = Estimated global mortality associated with the first 12 months of 2009 pandemic influenza A H1N1 virus circulation: a modelling study | journal = The Lancet. Infectious Diseases | volume = 12 | issue = 9 | pages = 687–95 | date = September 2012 | pmid = 22738893 | doi = 10.1016/S1473-3099(12)70121-4 }}</ref>
| 151,700–575,400<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Dawood FS, Iuliano AD, Reed C, Meltzer MI, Shay DK, Cheng PY, Bandaranayake D, Breiman RF, Brooks WA, Buchy P, Feikin DR, Fowler KB, Gordon A, Hien NT, Horby P, Huang QS, Katz MA, Krishnan A, Lal R, Montgomery JM, Mølbak K, Pebody R, Presanis AM, Razuri H, Steens A, Tinoco YO, Wallinga J, Yu H, Vong S, Bresee J, Widdowson MA | display-authors = 3 | title = Estimated global mortality associated with the first 12 months of 2009 pandemic influenza A H1N1 virus circulation: a modelling study | journal = The Lancet. Infectious Diseases | volume = 12 | issue = 9 | pages = 687–95 | date = September 2012 | pmid = 22738893 | doi = 10.1016/S1473-3099(12)70121-4 }}</ref>
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| 7.75 billion
| 7.75 billion
| A/H3N2, A/H1N1, [[Influenzavirus B|B]], ...
| A/H3N2, A/H1N1, [[Influenzavirus B|B]], ...
| 1.28 (IQR,{{nbsp}}1.19–1.37)
| 1.28 (IQR,{{nbsp}}1.19–1.37)<ref name=":3" />
| 5–15% (340{{nbsp}}million – 1&nbsp;billion)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.euro.who.int/influenza|title=WHO Europe – Influenza|date=June 2009|publisher=[[World Health Organization]] (WHO)|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090617212626/http://www.euro.who.int/influenza|archivedate=17 June 2009|accessdate=12 June 2009}}</ref><br>3–11% or 5–20%<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/flu/about/keyfacts.htm|title=Key Facts About Influenza (Flu)|last=[[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|CDC]]|first=|date=2019-10-28|website=www.cdc.gov|language=en-us|others=citing [https://academic.oup.com/cid/article/66/10/1511/4682599 Tokars, Olsen& Reed (2018)]|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2020-03-10}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Tokars|first=Jerome I.|last2=Olsen|first2=Sonja J.|last3=Reed|first3=Carrie|date=2018-05-02|title=Seasonal Incidence of Symptomatic Influenza in the United States|url=https://academic.oup.com/cid/article/66/10/1511/4682599|journal=Clinical Infectious Diseases|language=en|volume=66|issue=10|pages=1511–1518|doi=10.1093/cid/cix1060|issn=1058-4838|pmc=5934309|pmid=29206909}}</ref> (240 million–1.6 billion)
| 5–15% (340{{nbsp}}million – 1&nbsp;billion)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.euro.who.int/influenza|title=WHO Europe – Influenza|date=June 2009|publisher=[[World Health Organization]] (WHO)|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090617212626/http://www.euro.who.int/influenza|archivedate=17 June 2009|accessdate=12 June 2009}}</ref><br>3–11% or 5–20%<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/flu/about/keyfacts.htm|title=Key Facts About Influenza (Flu)|last=[[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|CDC]]|first=|date=2019-10-28|website=www.cdc.gov|language=en-us|others=citing [https://academic.oup.com/cid/article/66/10/1511/4682599 Tokars, Olsen& Reed (2018)]|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2020-03-10}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Tokars|first=Jerome I.|last2=Olsen|first2=Sonja J.|last3=Reed|first3=Carrie|date=2018-05-02|title=Seasonal Incidence of Symptomatic Influenza in the United States|url=https://academic.oup.com/cid/article/66/10/1511/4682599|journal=Clinical Infectious Diseases|language=en|volume=66|issue=10|pages=1511–1518|doi=10.1093/cid/cix1060|issn=1058-4838|pmc=5934309|pmid=29206909}}</ref> (240 million–1.6 billion)
| 290,000–650,000/year<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/influenza-(seasonal) |title=Influenza: Fact sheet |date = 6 November 2018|publisher=[[World Health Organization]] (WHO) |accessdate=25 January 2020| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20191217001215/https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/influenza-(seasonal)| archivedate= 17 December 2019 | url-status= live}}</ref>
| 290,000–650,000/year<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/influenza-(seasonal) |title=Influenza: Fact sheet |date = 6 November 2018|publisher=[[World Health Organization]] (WHO) |accessdate=25 January 2020| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20191217001215/https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/influenza-(seasonal)| archivedate= 17 December 2019 | url-status= live}}</ref>

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Major modern virus pandemics : influenzas and covid19 [1][2][3] (
)
Name Date World pop. Subtype Reproduction rate[4] Infected (est.) Deaths worldwide Case fatality rate Pandemic severity
1889–90 flu pandemic[5] 1889–90 1.53 billion Likely H3N8 or H2N2 2.10 (IQR, 1.9–2.4)[5] 20–60%[5] (300–900 million) 1 million 0.10–0.28%[5] 2
1918 Spanish flu[6] 1918–20 1.80 billion H1N1 1.80 (IQR, 1.47–2.27)[4] 33% (500 million)[7] 20[8][9]–100[10][11] million 4–20%[8] 5
Asian flu 1957–58 2.90 billion H2N2 1.65 (IQR, 1.53–1.70)[4] 8–33% (0.25 – 1 billion) 1–4 million[8] <0.2%[8] 2
Hong Kong flu 1968–69 3.53 billion H3N2 1.80 (IQR, 1.56–1.85)[4] 7–28% (0.25 – 1 billion) 1–4 million[8] <0.2%[8] 2
Russian flu 1977–78 4.28 billion H1N1 Un­known Un­known Un­known Un­known Un­known
2009 flu pandemic[12][13] 2009–10 6.85 billion H1N1/09 1.46 (IQR, 1.30–1.70)[4] 11-21% (0.7–1.4 billion)[14] 151,700–575,400[15] 0.03%[16] 1
Typical seasonal flu[t 1] Every year 7.75 billion A/H3N2, A/H1N1, B, ... 1.28 (IQR, 1.19–1.37)[4] 5–15% (340 million – 1 billion)[17]
3–11% or 5–20%[18][19] (240 million–1.6 billion) 		290,000–650,000/year[20] <0.1%[21] 1
2019–20 seasonal flu[22][23][t 2] 2019–20 7.75 billion A(H1N1)pdm09, B/Victoria, A(H3N2) Un­known 11%[t 2] (800 million; USA, 34-49 million[t 2]) 0.45-1.2 million (USA: 20–52,000[t 2]) 1
2019–20 coronavirus[24] 2019–20 7.75 billion SARS-CoV-2 2.2 (95% CI:1.4–3.9)[25][26]

2.68 (95% CI:2.47–2.86)[27]

0.003% (198,155+)[28] 7,954+[28] ~4.01%[28] —[clarification needed]
Notes
  1. ^ Not necessarily pandemic, but included for comparison purposes.
  2. ^ a b c d Ongoing epidemic . Numbers based on USA's epidemic so far. See CDC 2019-20 influenza's source.

Notes

  • 1889-90 flu, People infected (est.) number : please review source. There are two diverging statments. 20–60% vs 60% (45–70%). Which one is more relevant ?
  • 1918 flu, people infected numbers (500 million), mortality rate (2~3%) contradict the deaths worldwite "20-100 million" statments. Review needed. Lead : Johnson NPAS, Mueller (2002) "Updating the Accounts: Global Mortality of the 1918-1920 Spanish Influenza Pandemic".
  • Kilbourne, Edwin D. (2006). "Influenza Pandemics of the 20th Century". Emerging Infectious Diseases journal. 12 (1). Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: 9–14. doi:10.3201/eid1201.051254. : considers 1918, 1957, 1968 as pandemic ; 1947 (H1N1), 1976 (H1N1), 1977 (H1N1) as pseudopandemic.

See also

References

  1. ^ Hilleman MR (August 2002). "Realities and enigmas of human viral influenza: pathogenesis, epidemiology and control". Vaccine. 20 (25–26): 3068–87. doi:10.1016/S0264-410X(02)00254-2. PMID 12163258.
  2. ^ Potter CW (October 2006). "A History of Influenza". J Appl Microbiol. 91 (4): 572–79. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2672.2001.01492.x. PMID 11576290. {{cite journal}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  3. ^ "Ten things you need to know about pandemic influenza". World Health Organization. 14 October 2005. Archived from the original on 23 September 2009. Retrieved 26 September 2009.
  4. ^ a b c d e f Biggerstaff, Matthew; Cauchemez, Simon; Reed, Carrie; Gambhir, Manoj; Finelli, Lyn (2014-09-04). "Estimates of the reproduction number for seasonal, pandemic, and zoonotic influenza: a systematic review of the literature". BMC Infectious Diseases. 14 (1): 480. doi:10.1186/1471-2334-14-480. ISSN 1471-2334. PMC 4169819. PMID 25186370.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  5. ^ a b c d Valleron AJ, Cori A, Valtat S, Meurisse S, Carrat F, Boëlle PY (May 2010). "Transmissibility and geographic spread of the 1889 influenza pandemic". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 107 (19): 8778–81. Bibcode:2010PNAS..107.8778V. doi:10.1073/pnas.1000886107. PMC 2889325. PMID 20421481.
  6. ^ Mills CE, Robins JM, Lipsitch M (December 2004). "Transmissibility of 1918 pandemic influenza". Nature. 432 (7019): 904–06. Bibcode:2004Natur.432..904M. doi:10.1038/nature03063. PMID 15602562.
  7. ^ Taubenberger JK, Morens DM (January 2006). "1918 Influenza: the mother of all pandemics". Emerging Infectious Diseases. 12 (1): 15–22. doi:10.3201/eid1201.050979. PMC 3291398. PMID 16494711.
  8. ^ a b c d e f "Report of the Review Committee on the Functioning of the International Health Regulations (2005) in relation to Pandemic (H1N1) 2009" (PDF). 2011-05-05. p. 37. Archived (PDF) from the original on 14 May 2015. Retrieved 1 March 2015.
  9. ^ "Pandemic influenza preparedness and response : a who guidance document 2009" (PDF). 2009. p. 13. ISBN 9789241547680.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  10. ^ Morens, David M.; Fauci, Anthony S. (2007-04-01). "The 1918 Influenza Pandemic: Insights for the 21st Century". The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 195 (7): 1018–1028. doi:10.1086/511989. ISSN 0022-1899.
  11. ^ Johnson, Niall P. A. S.; Mueller, Juergen (2002). "Updating the accounts: global mortality of the 1918-1920 "Spanish" influenza pandemic". Bulletin of the History of Medicine. 76 (1): 105–115. doi:10.1353/bhm.2002.0022. ISSN 0007-5140. PMID 11875246.
  12. ^ Donaldson LJ, Rutter PD, Ellis BM, et al. (December 2009). "Mortality from pandemic A/H1N1 2009 influenza in England: public health surveillance study". BMJ. 339: b5213. doi:10.1136/bmj.b5213. PMC 2791802. PMID 20007665.
  13. ^ "First Global Estimates of 2009 H1N1 Pandemic Mortality Released by CDC-Led Collaboration". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). 25 June 2012. Retrieved 7 July 2012.
  14. ^ Kelly, Heath; Peck, Heidi A.; Laurie, Karen L.; Wu, Peng; Nishiura, Hiroshi; Cowling, Benjamin J. (2011-08-05). "The Age-Specific Cumulative Incidence of Infection with Pandemic Influenza H1N1 2009 Was Similar in Various Countries Prior to Vaccination". PLOS ONE. 6 (8): e21828. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0021828. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 3151238. PMID 21850217.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  15. ^ Dawood FS, Iuliano AD, Reed C, et al. (September 2012). "Estimated global mortality associated with the first 12 months of 2009 pandemic influenza A H1N1 virus circulation: a modelling study". The Lancet. Infectious Diseases. 12 (9): 687–95. doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(12)70121-4. PMID 22738893.
  16. ^ Triggle, Nick (10 December 2009). "Swine flu less lethal than feared". BBC News. BBC News Online. Archived from the original on 13 December 2009. Retrieved 10 December 2009.
  17. ^ "WHO Europe – Influenza". World Health Organization (WHO). June 2009. Archived from the original on 17 June 2009. Retrieved 12 June 2009.
  18. ^ CDC (2019-10-28). "Key Facts About Influenza (Flu)". www.cdc.gov. citing Tokars, Olsen& Reed (2018). Retrieved 2020-03-10. {{cite web}}: External link in |others= (help)CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  19. ^ Tokars, Jerome I.; Olsen, Sonja J.; Reed, Carrie (2018-05-02). "Seasonal Incidence of Symptomatic Influenza in the United States". Clinical Infectious Diseases. 66 (10): 1511–1518. doi:10.1093/cid/cix1060. ISSN 1058-4838. PMC 5934309. PMID 29206909.
  20. ^ "Influenza: Fact sheet". World Health Organization (WHO). 6 November 2018. Archived from the original on 17 December 2019. Retrieved 25 January 2020.
  21. ^ "H1N1 fatality rates comparable to seasonal flu". The Malaysian Insider. Washington, D.C., USA. Reuters. 17 September 2009. Archived from the original on 20 October 2009. Retrieved 26 September 2009.
  22. ^ CDC (2020-03-06). "Preliminary In-Season 2019-2020 Flu Burden Estimates". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Retrieved 2020-03-10.
  23. ^ CDC (2020-02-28). "Weekly U.S. Influenza Surveillance Report (FluView)". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Archived from the original on 2020-08-01. Retrieved 2020-03-01.
  24. ^ Grady, Denise (2020-02-29). "How Does the Coronavirus Compare to the Flu?". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2020-03-01.
  25. ^ Li, Qun; Guan, Xuhua; Wu, Peng; Wang, Xiaoye; Zhou, Lei; Tong, Yeqing; Ren, Ruiqi; Leung, Kathy S.M.; Lau, Eric H.Y.; Wong, Jessica Y.; Xing, Xuesen (2020-01-29). "Early Transmission Dynamics in Wuhan, China, of Novel Coronavirus–Infected Pneumonia". New England Journal of Medicine. 0 (0): null. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2001316. ISSN 0028-4793.
  26. ^ Fauci, Anthony S.; Lane, H. Clifford; Redfield, Robert R. (2020-02-28). "Covid-19 — Navigating the Uncharted". New England Journal of Medicine. 0 (0): null. doi:10.1056/NEJMe2002387. ISSN 0028-4793.
  27. ^ Wu, Joseph T.; Leung, Kathy; Leung, Gabriel M. (2020-02-29). "Nowcasting and forecasting the potential domestic and international spread of the 2019-nCoV outbreak originating in Wuhan, China: a modelling study". The Lancet. 395 (10225): 689–697. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30260-9. ISSN 0140-6736. PMID 32014114.
  28. ^ a b c Wikipedian editors. "2019–20 coronavirus outbreak data by countries". {{cite web}}: |last= has generic name (help)CS1 maint: url-status (link)
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