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''Tetraneuris acaulis'' is a highly variable [[perennial]] plant.<ref name="LBJ Wildflower">{{cite web |last1=TWC Staff |title=''Tetraneuris acaulis'' |url=https://www.wildflower.org/plants/result.php?id_plant=TEAC |website=Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center |publisher=The University of Texas at Austin |access-date=25 April 2024 |language=en |date=27 January 2023}}</ref> It may be moderate in size or an extremely short [[herbaceous]] plant, as short as 2&nbsp;centimeters to over 30&nbsp;centimeters in height when flowering.<ref name="FNA">{{cite web |last1=Bierner |first1=Mark W. |last2=Turner |first2=Billie L. |title='' Tetraneuris acaulis'' - FNA |url=http://floranorthamerica.org/Tetraneuris_acaulis |website=Flora of North America |access-date=23 April 2024 |date=6 November 2020}}</ref> The plants lack stems with all the clustered leaves growing directly from the base of the plant at ground level ([[basal leaves]]). The leaves are tightly packed and may be spoon shaped ({{plantgloss|spatulate}}) or like a spear head with the widest part in the end third ({{plantgloss|oblanceolate}}), sometimes narrowly so ({{plantgloss|linear}}-oblanceolate).<ref name="4Corners">{{cite book |last1=Heil |first1=Kenneth D. |last2=O’Kane, Jr. |first2=Steve L. |last3=Reeves |first3=Linda Mary |last4=Clifford |first4=Arnold |title=Flora of the Four Corners Region : Vascular Plants of the San Juan River Drainage, Arizona, Colorado, New Mexico, and Utah |date=2013 |publisher=Missouri Botanical Garden |location=St. Louis, Missouri |pages=303–304 |url=https://archive.org/details/mobot31753003888887/page/n321 |access-date=23 April 2024}}</ref> The leaf edges lack teeth or divisions and may either be hairy or smooth.<ref name="FNA" />
''Tetraneuris acaulis'' is a highly variable [[perennial]] plant.<ref name="LBJ Wildflower">{{cite web |last1=TWC Staff |title=''Tetraneuris acaulis'' |url=https://www.wildflower.org/plants/result.php?id_plant=TEAC |website=Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center |publisher=The University of Texas at Austin |access-date=25 April 2024 |language=en |date=27 January 2023}}</ref> It may be moderate in size or an extremely short [[herbaceous]] plant, as short as 2&nbsp;centimeters to over 30&nbsp;centimeters in height when flowering.<ref name="FNA">{{cite web |last1=Bierner |first1=Mark W. |last2=Turner |first2=Billie L. |title='' Tetraneuris acaulis'' - FNA |url=http://floranorthamerica.org/Tetraneuris_acaulis |website=Flora of North America |access-date=23 April 2024 |date=6 November 2020}}</ref> The plants lack stems with all the clustered leaves growing directly from the base of the plant at ground level ([[basal leaves]]). The leaves are tightly packed and may be spoon shaped ({{plantgloss|spatulate}}) or like a spear head with the widest part in the end third ({{plantgloss|oblanceolate}}), sometimes narrowly so ({{plantgloss|linear}}-oblanceolate).<ref name="4Corners">{{cite book |last1=Heil |first1=Kenneth D. |last2=O’Kane, Jr. |first2=Steve L. |last3=Reeves |first3=Linda Mary |last4=Clifford |first4=Arnold |title=Flora of the Four Corners Region : Vascular Plants of the San Juan River Drainage, Arizona, Colorado, New Mexico, and Utah |date=2013 |publisher=Missouri Botanical Garden |location=St. Louis, Missouri |pages=303–304 |url=https://archive.org/details/mobot31753003888887/page/n321 |access-date=23 April 2024}}</ref> The leaf edges lack teeth or divisions and may either be hairy or smooth.<ref name="FNA" />


Each flowering stem has a single flower head at the end,<ref name="Canyon Country" /> though very rarely a stem may have two flower heads on a single stem.<ref name="4Corners" /> When flowering plants will normally grow one to thirty-five flowering stems, but occasionally a plant may produce as many as sixty. They are also are quite variable in the length of the stem, ranging from 0.5 to 30&nbsp;centimeters in length.<ref name="FNA" /> The flowering head will have a large number of small disc flowers, ranging from twenty-five to over two-hundred. The ray flowers at the edge of the flowering head usually number from eight to fifteen, but may occasionally have as many as twenty-one. The petals ([[ligule]]s) are showy, {{Convert|5–20|mm|in|abbr=on|frac=8}} long and fairly wide, {{Convert|3–8|mm|in|abbr=on|frac=16}}.<ref name="4Corners" /> Both the ray and the disc flowers are predominantly bright yellow in color.<ref name="Canyon Country" /> Some plants may have no ray florets.<ref name="AudubonWildflowers">{{Cite book |last=Spellenberg |first=Richard |url=https://archive.org/details/nationalaudubons00spel/page/381/ |title=National Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Wildflowers: Western Region |publisher=Knopf |year=2001 |isbn=978-0-375-40233-3 |edition=rev |pages=381 |orig-date=1979}}</ref> It may flower anytime from April to September in its native range, though different varieties have slightly different flowering seasons.<ref name="POWO var acaulis" />
Each flowering stem has a single flower head at the end,<ref name="Canyon Country" /> though very rarely a stem may have two flower heads on a single stem.<ref name="4Corners" /> When flowering plants will normally grow one to thirty-five flowering stems, but occasionally a plant may produce as many as sixty. They are also are quite variable in the length of the flower stem (a {{plantgloss|scape}}), ranging from {{Convert|0.5 to 30|cm|in|sigfig=1|abbr=off}} in length.<ref name="FNA" /> The flowering head will have a large number of small disc flowers, ranging from twenty-five to over two-hundred. The ray flowers at the edge of the flowering head usually number from eight to fifteen, but may occasionally have as many as twenty-one. The petals ([[ligule]]s) are showy, {{Convert|5–20|mm|in|abbr=on|frac=8}} long and fairly wide, {{Convert|3–8|mm|in|abbr=on|frac=16}}.<ref name="4Corners" /> Both the ray and the disc flowers are predominantly bright yellow in color.<ref name="Canyon Country" /> Some plants may have no ray florets.<ref name="AudubonWildflowers">{{Cite book |last=Spellenberg |first=Richard |url=https://archive.org/details/nationalaudubons00spel/page/381/ |title=National Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Wildflowers: Western Region |publisher=Knopf |year=2001 |isbn=978-0-375-40233-3 |edition=rev |pages=381 |orig-date=1979}}</ref> It may flower anytime from April to October in its native range, though different varieties have slightly different flowering seasons.<ref name="POWO var acaulis" />


The fruits are dry [[achene]]s only a few millimeters long.<ref name="FNA" />
The fruits are dry [[achene]]s only a few millimeters long.<ref name="FNA" />
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===History===
===History===
The first scientific description of part of what was later classified as ''Tetraneuris acaulis'' was by the botanist Frederick Pursh in 1813. He described a species he named ''Gaillardia acaulis'', which as of 2024 is regarded as a [[synonym (botany)|synonym]] of the botanical variety ''Tetraneuris acaulis'' var. ''acaulis''.<ref name="POWO var acaulis" /> Due to the variability of the species 32 species that are now regarded as synonyms of one of the four accepted varieties have been described.<ref name="POWO var acaulis">{{cite POWO |id=77233265-1 |title=''Tetraneuris acaulis'' var. ''acaulis'' |access-date=23 April 2024}}</ref><ref name="POWO var arizonica">{{cite POWO |id=251750-2 |title=''Tetraneuris acaulis'' var. ''arizonica'' (Greene) K.F.Parker |access-date=23 April 2024}}</ref><ref name="POWO var caespitosa">{{cite POWO |id=251751-2 |title=''Tetraneuris acaulis'' var. ''caespitosa'' A.Nelson |access-date=23 April 2024}}</ref><ref name="POWO var epunctata">{{cite POWO |id=983837-1 |title=''Tetraneuris acaulis'' var. ''epunctata'' (A.Nelson) Kartesz & Gandhi |access-date=23 April 2024}}</ref>
The first scientific description of part of what was later classified as ''Tetraneuris acaulis'' was by the botanist Frederick Pursh in 1813. He described a species he named ''Gaillardia acaulis'', which as of 2024 is regarded as a [[synonym (botany)|synonym]] of the botanical variety ''Tetraneuris acaulis'' var. ''acaulis''. The accepted description as ''Tetraneuris acaulis'' was published by Edward Lee Greene in 1898.<ref name="POWO var acaulis" /> Due to the variability of the species 32 species that are now regarded as synonyms of one of the four accepted varieties have been described.<ref name="POWO var acaulis">{{cite POWO |id=77233265-1 |title=''Tetraneuris acaulis'' var. ''acaulis'' |access-date=23 April 2024}}</ref><ref name="POWO var arizonica">{{cite POWO |id=251750-2 |title=''Tetraneuris acaulis'' var. ''arizonica'' (Greene) K.F.Parker |access-date=23 April 2024}}</ref><ref name="POWO var caespitosa">{{cite POWO |id=251751-2 |title=''Tetraneuris acaulis'' var. ''caespitosa'' A.Nelson |access-date=23 April 2024}}</ref><ref name="POWO var epunctata">{{cite POWO |id=983837-1 |title=''Tetraneuris acaulis'' var. ''epunctata'' (A.Nelson) Kartesz & Gandhi |access-date=23 April 2024}}</ref>


{|class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" id="Synonyms"
{|class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" id="Synonyms"
Line 344: Line 344:
!colspan=5 style="text-align: left;" | Notes: ≡ homotypic synonym ; = heterotypic synonym
!colspan=5 style="text-align: left;" | Notes: ≡ homotypic synonym ; = heterotypic synonym
|}
|}

===Names===
===Names===
The meaning of the genus name ''Tetraneuris'' is "four nerves", a compound of "tetra" and "neuron". This refers to the four veins on the ray flower petal.<ref name="Canyon Country" /> The botanical species name is also a compound meaning "without a stem", the prefix "a-" being added to "caulis" for stem. Though its flowers are on stalks, these are not botanically stems.<ref name="CA Desert">{{cite book |last1=Morhardt |first1=Sia |last2=Morhardt |first2=Emil |title=California Desert Flowers |date=2004 |publisher=University of California Press |location=Berkeley, California |page=60 |url=https://archive.org/details/californiadesert0000unse/page/60 |access-date=25 April 2024}}</ref> One of the frequently used [[common name]]s of this species is "stemless four-nerve daisy" related to the genus name and the low growing stemless habit. Three other English names relate to it leaves not growing on stems, "stemless woollybase",<ref name="Canyon Country">{{cite book |last1=Williams |first1=David B. |title=A Naturalist's Guide to Canyon Country |date=2013 |publisher=Falcon Guides |location=Guilford, Connecticut |isbn=978-0-7627-8071-6 |page=51 |edition=2nd |url=https://archive.org/details/naturalistsguide0000will/page/51 |access-date=24 April 2024}}</ref> "stemless hymenoxys",<ref>{{cite book |last1=Earle |first1=A. Scott |last2=Lundin |first2=Jane |title=Idaho Mountain Wildflowers : A Photographic Compendium |date=2012 |publisher=Larkspur Books |location=Boise, Idaho |isbn=978-0-615-58854-4 |edition=3rd |url=https://archive.org/details/idahomountainwil0000earl/page/42 |access-date=25 April 2024}}</ref> and "stemless rubberweed".<ref name="VASCAN" /> It is also sometimes known as the "butte marigold".<ref name="VASCAN">{{cite web |title=''Tetraneuris acaulis'' (Pursh) Greene |url=http://data.canadensys.net/vascan/taxon/3625 |website=Database of Vascular Plants of Canada (VASCAN) |publisher=Acadia University, Université de Montréal Biodiversity Centre, University of Toronto Mississauga, University of British Columbia |access-date=25 April 2024 |language=en}}</ref> Somewhat specific to the variety ''Arizonica'' is the common name "angelita daisy".<ref name="CA Desert" />
The meaning of the genus name ''Tetraneuris'' is "four nerves", a compound of "tetra" and "neuron". This refers to the four veins on the ray flower petal.<ref name="Canyon Country" /> The botanical species name is also a compound meaning "without a stem", the prefix "a-" being added to "caulis" for stem. Though its flowers are on stalks, these are not botanically stems.<ref name="CA Desert">{{cite book |last1=Morhardt |first1=Sia |last2=Morhardt |first2=Emil |title=California Desert Flowers |date=2004 |publisher=University of California Press |location=Berkeley, California |page=60 |url=https://archive.org/details/californiadesert0000unse/page/60 |access-date=25 April 2024}}</ref> One of the frequently used [[common name]]s of this species is "stemless four-nerve daisy" related to the genus name and the low growing stemless habit. Three other English names relate to it leaves not growing on stems, "stemless woollybase",<ref name="Canyon Country">{{cite book |last1=Williams |first1=David B. |title=A Naturalist's Guide to Canyon Country |date=2013 |publisher=Falcon Guides |location=Guilford, Connecticut |isbn=978-0-7627-8071-6 |page=51 |edition=2nd |url=https://archive.org/details/naturalistsguide0000will/page/51 |access-date=24 April 2024}}</ref> "stemless hymenoxys",<ref>{{cite book |last1=Earle |first1=A. Scott |last2=Lundin |first2=Jane |title=Idaho Mountain Wildflowers : A Photographic Compendium |date=2012 |publisher=Larkspur Books |location=Boise, Idaho |isbn=978-0-615-58854-4 |edition=3rd |url=https://archive.org/details/idahomountainwil0000earl/page/42 |access-date=25 April 2024}}</ref> and "stemless rubberweed".<ref name="VASCAN" /> It is also sometimes known as the "butte marigold".<ref name="VASCAN">{{cite web |title=''Tetraneuris acaulis'' (Pursh) Greene |url=http://data.canadensys.net/vascan/taxon/3625 |website=Database of Vascular Plants of Canada (VASCAN) |publisher=Acadia University, Université de Montréal Biodiversity Centre, University of Toronto Mississauga, University of British Columbia |access-date=25 April 2024 |language=en}}</ref> Somewhat specific to the variety ''Arizonica'' is the common name "angelita daisy".<ref name="CA Desert" />

Revision as of 23:14, 25 April 2024

Tetraneuris acaulis

Secure  (NatureServe)[1]
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Asterids
Order: Asterales
Family: Asteraceae
Genus: Tetraneuris
Species:
T. acaulis
Binomial name
Tetraneuris acaulis
Varieties[2]
  • Tetraneuris acaulis var. acaulis
  • Tetraneuris acaulis var. arizonica (Greene) K.F.Parker
  • Tetraneuris acaulis var. caespitosa A.Nelson
  • Tetraneuris acaulis var. epunctata (A.Nelson) Kartesz & Gandhi
Synonyms
See table.

Tetraneuris acaulis is a North American species of flowering plants in the sunflower family. It is known by many common names in English including stemless four-nerve daisy, stemless hymenoxys, butte marigold, and stemless rubberweed.

Description

Tetraneuris acaulis is a highly variable perennial plant.[3] It may be moderate in size or an extremely short herbaceous plant, as short as 2 centimeters to over 30 centimeters in height when flowering.[4] The plants lack stems with all the clustered leaves growing directly from the base of the plant at ground level (basal leaves). The leaves are tightly packed and may be spoon shaped (spatulate) or like a spear head with the widest part in the end third (oblanceolate), sometimes narrowly so (linear-oblanceolate).[5] The leaf edges lack teeth or divisions and may either be hairy or smooth.[4]

Each flowering stem has a single flower head at the end,[6] though very rarely a stem may have two flower heads on a single stem.[5] When flowering plants will normally grow one to thirty-five flowering stems, but occasionally a plant may produce as many as sixty. They are also are quite variable in the length of the flower stem (a scape), ranging from 0.5 to 30 centimetres (0.2 to 10 inches) in length.[4] The flowering head will have a large number of small disc flowers, ranging from twenty-five to over two-hundred. The ray flowers at the edge of the flowering head usually number from eight to fifteen, but may occasionally have as many as twenty-one. The petals (ligules) are showy, 5–20 mm (1⁄4–3⁄4 in) long and fairly wide, 3–8 mm (1⁄8–5⁄16 in).[5] Both the ray and the disc flowers are predominantly bright yellow in color.[6] Some plants may have no ray florets.[7] It may flower anytime from April to October in its native range, though different varieties have slightly different flowering seasons.[8]

The fruits are dry achenes only a few millimeters long.[4]

  • Close-up of basal leaves
    Close-up of basal leaves
  • Side view of flowers
    Side view of flowers
  • Flower close-up
    Flower close-up

Taxonomy

As of 2024 Plants of the World Online (POWO) and World Flora Online list Tetraneuris acaulis as the correct name with only Edward Lee Greene listed as the authority due to the narrowness of the original description by Frederick Traugott Pursh.[2][9]

Varieties

There are four accepted varieties of Tetraneuris acaulis.[2]

Tetraneuris acaulis var. acaulis

The autonymic variety described by Frederick Traugott Pursh in 1813 as Tetraneuris acaulis, but it was described narrowly as a subset of became described as the variety (a heterotypic synonym). This was also the case for all the many other species that are now synonyms of this variety according to POWO.[8] It differs from the other varieties by being covered in very fine, woolly hairs that lay down on the surface of leaves (strigoso-canescent) and being found almost entirely east of the continental divide in North America.[4] In its native habitat it may bloom as early as April or as late as October, but more often in May to July.[10]

Tetraneuris acaulis var. arizonica

Tetraneuris acaulis var. arizonica flowering New York Mountains, San Bernardino County, California

The first scientific description of this variety was by Edward Lee Greene in 1898 as a species named Tetraneuris arizonica. It was given its current description as a variety in 1980 by Kittie Fenley Parker.[11] Like varity epunctata it usually has smooth or only sparsely/moderately hairy leaves, but unlike var. epunctata it is densely covered in glands.[4] It may bloom as early as April or as late as September in its native habitat, but more often May to July.[12]

Tetraneuris acaulis var. caespitosa

This variety was described by Greene as two different species, Tetraneuris brevifolia and Tetraneuris lanata, in 1898. It was additionally described as a third species in 1911 by Francis Potter Daniels. But it had already been correctly described and named as a variety in 1899 by Aven Nelson as Tetraneuris acaulis var. caespitosa.[13] This variety is distinguished by being sparsely to densely hairy, and its hairs usually being long and interwoven (lanuginose), but occasionally they will be silky and lay down on the surface of the leaves (sericeous). Also, its flower stems (a peduncle) will be short in comparison to what is normal for other varieties, usually just 0.5–8 centimeters where other varieties will most often be 5–20 centimeters.[4] Plants may bloom as early as May or as late as September in its high mountain habitat, but more frequently between June and August.[14]

Tetraneuris acaulis var. epunctata

Aven Nelson gave a scientific description to this variety in 1904 as a species named Tetraneuris epunctata. It was described as a variety by Arthur Cronquist in 1994 and reclassified along with the rest of the species by John T. Kartesz and Kanchi Gandhi in 1995.[15] Like variety arizonica these plants have smooth or only sparsely/moderately hairy leaves, but var. epunctata lacks visible glands on its leaves or at most is dotted with just a few glands.[4] This variety blooms as early as May or as late as September, but rarely after the month of July in its native range. It is only found in the US states of Colorado, Utah, and Wyoming.[16]

History

The first scientific description of part of what was later classified as Tetraneuris acaulis was by the botanist Frederick Pursh in 1813. He described a species he named Gaillardia acaulis, which as of 2024 is regarded as a synonym of the botanical variety Tetraneuris acaulis var. acaulis. The accepted description as Tetraneuris acaulis was published by Edward Lee Greene in 1898.[8] Due to the variability of the species 32 species that are now regarded as synonyms of one of the four accepted varieties have been described.[8][11][13][15]

Table of Synonyms
Name Year Rank Synonym of: Notes
Actinea acaulis Spreng. 1826 species var. acaulis =
Actinea acaulis f. arizonica J.F.Macbr. 1918 form var. arizonica =
Actinea acaulis var. arizonica Greene) S.F.Blake ex Munz 1935 variety var. arizonica ≡
Actinea acaulis f. caespitosa J.F.Macbr. 1918 form var. caespitosa =
Actinea acaulis var. lanata J.F.Macbr. 1918 variety var. acaulis =
Actinea acaulis var. lanigera S.F.Blake 1925 variety var. acaulis =
Actinea acaulis var. septentrionalis A.Nelson 1924 variety var. acaulis =
Actinea acaulis var. simplex J.F.Macbr. 1918 variety var. acaulis =
Actinea arizonica A.Nelson 1924 species var. arizonica =
Actinea depressa var. pygmaea J.F.Macbr. 1918 variety var. acaulis =
Actinea epunctata (A.Nelson) A.Nelson 1924 species var. epunctata ≡
Actinea eradiata A.Nelson 1924 species var. acaulis =
Actinea formosa A.Nelson 1924 species var. acaulis =
Actinea incana A.Nelson 1924 species var. acaulis =
Actinea osterhoutii A.Nelson 1924 species var. acaulis =
Actinea simplex A.Nelson 1924 species var. acaulis =
Actinella acaulis (Pursh) Nutt. 1818 species var. acaulis =
Actinella depressa var. pygmaea A.Gray 1849 variety var. acaulis =
Actinella epunctata (A.Nelson) A.Nelson 1909 species var. epunctata ≡
Actinella eradiata A.Nelson 1909 species var. acaulis =
Actinella incana A.Nelson 1909 species var. acaulis =
Actinella lanata Nutt. 1841 species var. acaulis =
Actinella leptoclada A.Gray 1857 species var. acaulis =
Actinella simplex A.Nelson 1909 species var. acaulis =
Cephalophora acaulis DC. 1836 species var. acaulis =
Gaillardia acaulis Pursh 1813 species var. acaulis =
Hymenoxys acaulis (Pursh) K.F.Parker 1950 species var. acaulis =
Hymenoxys acaulis var. arizonica (Greene) K.F.Parker 1950 variety var. arizonica ≡
Hymenoxys acaulis var. epunctata (A.Nelson) Cronquist 1994 variety var. epunctata ≡
Hymenoxys acaulis var. nana S.L.Welsh 1993 variety var. arizonica =
Hymenoxys acaulis var. caespitosa (A.Nelson) K.F.Parker 1950 variety var. caespitosa ≡
Leptopoda acaulis DC. 1836 species var. acaulis =
Picradenia acaulis Britton 1898 species var. acaulis =
Ptilepida acaulis (Pursh) Britton 1894 species var. acaulis =
Tetraneuris acaulis var. nana (S.L.Welsh 1995 variety var. arizonica =
Tetraneuris arizonica Greene 1898 species var. arizonica ≡
Tetraneuris brevifolia Greene 1898 species var. caespitosa =
Tetraneuris crandallii Rydb. 1905 species var. epunctata =
Tetraneuris epunctata A.Nelson 1904 species var. epunctata ≡
Tetraneuris eradiata A.Nelson 1904 species var. acaulis =
Tetraneuris incana A.Nelson 1899 species var. acaulis =
Tetraneuris lanata Greene 1898 species var. caespitosa =
Tetraneuris lanigera Daniels 1911 species var. caespitosa =
Tetraneuris pygmaea Wooton & Standl. 1913 species var. acaulis =
Tetraneuris septentrionalis Rydb. 1910 species var. acaulis =
Tetraneuris simplex A.Nelson 1899 species var. acaulis =
Notes: ≡ homotypic synonym ; = heterotypic synonym

Names

The meaning of the genus name Tetraneuris is "four nerves", a compound of "tetra" and "neuron". This refers to the four veins on the ray flower petal.[6] The botanical species name is also a compound meaning "without a stem", the prefix "a-" being added to "caulis" for stem. Though its flowers are on stalks, these are not botanically stems.[17] One of the frequently used common names of this species is "stemless four-nerve daisy" related to the genus name and the low growing stemless habit. Three other English names relate to it leaves not growing on stems, "stemless woollybase",[6] "stemless hymenoxys",[18] and "stemless rubberweed".[19] It is also sometimes known as the "butte marigold".[19] Somewhat specific to the variety Arizonica is the common name "angelita daisy".[17]

Distribution and habitat

The species is widespread across much of the western and central United States from Texas and California in the South to west-central Canada (Alberta, Saskatchewan).[2][20] It grows in a variety of habitat types in foothills and subalpine regions,[21] and high prairie, badlands,[22] and plains.[3]

Uses

Tetraneuris acaulis has been used as a traditional medicinal plant. The Hopi used a poultice of the plant to relieve hip and back pain in pregnant women, and to make a stimulating drink.[23]

Cultivation

In cultivation stemless four-nerve daisy may bloom in late spring or early summer. The foliage is aromatic.[24] It is winter hardy in USDA zones 4–8, temperatures as cold as −35 °C (−31 °F).[25]

References

  1. ^ NatureServe (2024). "Tetraneuris acaulis". Arlington, Virginia. Retrieved 23 April 2024.
  2. ^ a b c d "Tetraneuris acaulis Greene". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 23 April 2024.
  3. ^ a b TWC Staff (27 January 2023). "Tetraneuris acaulis". Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center. The University of Texas at Austin. Retrieved 25 April 2024.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h Bierner, Mark W.; Turner, Billie L. (6 November 2020). " Tetraneuris acaulis - FNA". Flora of North America. Retrieved 23 April 2024.
  5. ^ a b c Heil, Kenneth D.; O’Kane, Jr., Steve L.; Reeves, Linda Mary; Clifford, Arnold (2013). Flora of the Four Corners Region : Vascular Plants of the San Juan River Drainage, Arizona, Colorado, New Mexico, and Utah. St. Louis, Missouri: Missouri Botanical Garden. pp. 303–304. Retrieved 23 April 2024.
  6. ^ a b c d Williams, David B. (2013). A Naturalist's Guide to Canyon Country (2nd ed.). Guilford, Connecticut: Falcon Guides. p. 51. ISBN 978-0-7627-8071-6. Retrieved 24 April 2024.
  7. ^ Spellenberg, Richard (2001) [1979]. National Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Wildflowers: Western Region (rev ed.). Knopf. p. 381. ISBN 978-0-375-40233-3.
  8. ^ a b c d "Tetraneuris acaulis var. acaulis". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 23 April 2024.
  9. ^ "Tetraneuris acaulis Greene". World Flora Online. Retrieved 24 April 2024.
  10. ^ Bierner, Mark W.; Turner, Billie L. (5 November 2020). "Tetraneuris acaulis var. acaulis - FNA". Flora of North America. Retrieved 25 April 2024.
  11. ^ a b "Tetraneuris acaulis var. arizonica (Greene) K.F.Parker". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 23 April 2024.
  12. ^ Bierner, Mark W.; Turner, Billie L. (5 November 2020). "Tetraneuris acaulis var. arizonica - FNA". Flora of North America. Retrieved 25 April 2024.
  13. ^ a b "Tetraneuris acaulis var. caespitosa A.Nelson". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 23 April 2024.
  14. ^ Bierner, Mark W.; Turner, Billie L. (5 November 2020). "Tetraneuris acaulis var. caespitosa - FNA". Flora of North America. Retrieved 25 April 2024.
  15. ^ a b "Tetraneuris acaulis var. epunctata (A.Nelson) Kartesz & Gandhi". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 23 April 2024.
  16. ^ Bierner, Mark W.; Turner, Billie L. "Tetraneuris acaulis var. epunctata - FNA". Flora of North America. Retrieved 25 April 2024.
  17. ^ a b Morhardt, Sia; Morhardt, Emil (2004). California Desert Flowers. Berkeley, California: University of California Press. p. 60. Retrieved 25 April 2024.
  18. ^ Earle, A. Scott; Lundin, Jane (2012). Idaho Mountain Wildflowers : A Photographic Compendium (3rd ed.). Boise, Idaho: Larkspur Books. ISBN 978-0-615-58854-4. Retrieved 25 April 2024.
  19. ^ a b "Tetraneuris acaulis (Pursh) Greene". Database of Vascular Plants of Canada (VASCAN). Acadia University, Université de Montréal Biodiversity Centre, University of Toronto Mississauga, University of British Columbia. Retrieved 25 April 2024.
  20. ^ Tetraneuris acaulis, USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service PLANTS Profile, 25 April 2024
  21. ^ Schneider, Al. "Tetraneuris acaulis". Southwest Colorado Wildflowers. Retrieved 25 April 2024.
  22. ^ "Stemless Hymenoxys (Hymenoxys acaulis)". Native Wildflowers of the North Dakota Grasslands. U.S. Department of the Interior; U.S. Geological Survey. Archived from the original on 25 February 2013. Retrieved 25 April 2024.
  23. ^ Tetraneuris acaulis'. University of Michigan, Dearborn, Native American Ethnobotany Database.
  24. ^ Hole, Jim; Goodall, Jan; Raven, Stephen; Stadnyk, Bob, eds. (2006). Hole's Dictionary of Hardy Perennials. St. Albert, Alberta: Hole's. p. 375. ISBN 978-1-894728-01-0. Retrieved 25 April 2024.
  25. ^ Phillips, Roger; Rix, Martyn (1996). The Random House Book of Perfect Plants. New York: Random House. p. 297. ISBN 978-0-679-77536-2. Retrieved 25 April 2024.

External links

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