The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling

The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling

Title page from the 1749 edition
Author	Henry Fielding
Country	Britain
Language	English
Genre	novel
Publisher	A Millar
Publication date	28 February 1749
Media type	Print
ISBN	NA

The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling (often known simply as Tom Jones) is a comic novel by Henry Fielding.

Plot introduction

Tom Jones is arguably one of the first prose works describable as a novel. The novel is divided into 18 smaller books.

Tom Jones is a foundling discovered on the property of a very kind, wealthy landowner, Squire Allworthy, in Somerset in England's West Country. Tom grows into a vigorous and lusty, yet honest and kind-hearted, youth. He develops affection for his neighbor's daughter, Sophia Western. On one hand, their love reflects the romantic comedy genre popular in 18th-century Britain. However, Tom's status as a bastard causes Sophia's father and Allworthy to oppose their love; this criticism of class friction in society acted as a biting social commentary. The inclusion of prostitution and sexual promiscuity in the plot was also original for its time, and also acted as the foundation for criticism of the book's "lowness."

Plot summary

The novel's events occupy eighteen books.

Book I Containing as Much of the Birth of the Foundling as Is Necessary or Proper to Acquaint the Reader with in the Beginning of This History

Squire Allworthy and his sister Bridget are introduced in their wealthy estate in Somerset. Allworthy returns from London after an extended business trip and finds a baby sleeping in his bed. He summons his housekeeper, Mrs Deborah Wilkins, to take care of the child. After searching the nearby township, Mrs Deborah is told about a young girl called Jenny Jones, serving with a schoolmaster and his wife, as being the most likely person to have committed the deed (she is also considered above herself for studying Latin with the schoolmaster). Jenny is brought before them and confesses to being the baby's mother but refuses to reveal who is the father. Mr Allworthy mercifully gives her a lecture of morals and removes Jenny to a place where her reputation will be unknown. Furthermore, he promises his sister to raise the boy, whom he names Thomas, in his household.

Two brothers, Dr Blifil and Captain Blifil, regularly visit the Allworthy estate. The doctor introduces the captain to Bridget in hopes of marrying into Allworthy's wealth. The couple fall in love and marry. After the marriage, Captain Blifil begins to show a coldness to his brother, who eventually feels obliged to leave the house for London where he soon after dies 'of a broken heart'.

Book II Containing Scenes of Matrimonial Felicity in Different Degrees of Life; and Various Other Transactions During the First Two Years After the Marriage Between Captain Blifil and Miss Bridget Allworthy

Eight months after celebrating their wedding, Mrs Blifil has a baby boy and Mr Allworthy states that he and Tom will be raised together. The plot then turns to Mrs Partridge, the wife of the schoolteacher, who is informed that Jenny gave birth to a bastard, Mrs Partridge mistakenly thinking that she had left their service on her own free will. Mrs Partridge immediately suspects her husband and physically assaults him. Captain Blifil informs Mr Allworthy, and Mrs Wilkins is dispatched once more to Little Baddington to ascertain the truth of the matter.

Partridge is put on trial before Mr Allworthy and denies the paternity. Mr Allworth, wanting to prove his innocence, sends for Jenny but she cannot be found, having left her place of residence in company with a recruiting officer. Partridge is found guilty and deprived of his annuity by Mr Allworthy. Now that they are poor, Mrs Partridge regrets her accusations, and begs Mrs Blifil to intercede with her brother to restore Mr Partridge's annuity, but he refuses. Mrs Partridge dies soon after and her husband, being deprived of his annuity, his school and his wife, leaves the area.

Captain Blifil and his wife start to grow cool towards one another, and the former is found dead one evening after taking his customary evening stoll prior to dinner.

Book III Containing the most memorable transactions which passed in the family of Mr Allworthy, from the time when Tommy Jones arrived at the age of fourteen, till he attained the age of nineteen.

Tom gets into trouble for killing a partridge on a neighbour's land. In fact he did it at the instigation of Black George, Allworthy's gamekeeper, but he refuses to reveal to Mr Allworthy who his partner-in-crime was. He is beaten by his master, Mr Thwackum, who resides at the house with another schoolmaster, a philosopher called Mr Square. Later, Blifil reveals that Black George was Tom's partner and Mr Allworthy is pacified by Tom's sense of honour. To make amends, Mr Allworthy gives Tom a young horse but dismisses Black George from his position.

Tom sells a year and a half later at a fair. Mr Thwackum finds out and asks Tom what he has done with the money but the latter refuses to tell him. He is about to be beaten when Mr Allworthy enters. Tom confesses that he sold the horse to provide money for Black George and his family, who is in financial straits after being dismissed. Mr Allworthy feels ready to re-employ Black George, but he blots his copybook by poaching a hare on Squire Western's land and this is confirmed by Master Blifil. Tom resolves to have George employed by Mr Western by speaking to the seventeen-year-old Sopphia and getting her to persuade her father on the matter.

Book IV Containing the time of year

An incident occurs in which Master Blifil lets go the small bird of Sophia's, given to her by Tom as a young boy. Tom tries to retrieve it but, in doing so, falls into a canal. This incident turns Sophia against Blifil but puts Tom in her favour. Tom speaks to Sophia about George, and she persuades her father to drop any charges and to employ him.

Sophia is falling for Tom but his heart is given over to Molly, the second of Black George's daughters and a local beauty. She throws herself at Tom and he gets her pregnant and then feels obliged to offer her his protection. Molly then wears a dress to church - given to her mother by Sophia Western - to show off her beauty. The Somersetshire parishioners are infuriated by her vanity and assault her in the churchyard afterwards. Tom comes to her defence and she is taken home by Square, Blifil and Tom.

In the meantime, Sophia has taken pity on Molly and requests her father to ask her to be her maid but the family council decides to put everything on hold until Tom's intentions become clearer. Squire Western, the local parson, Tom and Sophia are having dinner and the parson informs Western of Molly's condition, at which Tom leaves the dining table. Squire Western immediately jumps to the conclusion that Tom is the father of the bastard, much to Sophia's consternation.

Tom returns to his home to find Molly in the arms of a constable and being taken to prison. He bids him free her and they go to speak to Mr Allworthy and Tom reveals he is the father, saying the guilt is his.

If there is any guilt in the case!' answered Mr Allworthy warmly: 'Are you then so profligate and abandoned a libertine to doubt whether the breaking the laws of God and man, the corrupting and ruining a poor girl be guilt? I own, indeed, it doth lie principally upon you; and so heavy it is, that you ought to expect it should crush you.

However, Mr Allworthy is ultimately forgiving of Tom's sowing his wild oats: 'While he was angry, therefore, with the incontinence of Jones, he was no less pleased with the honour and honesty of his self-accusation. He began now to form in his mind the same opinion of this young fellow, which, we hope, our reader may have conceived. And in balancing his faults and his perfections, the latter seemed rather to preponderate.'

An incident now occurs in which Tom comes to the aid of Sophia. She goes out hunting with her father and, on her way home, is thrown by her horse. Tom, who is riding close behind, is able to catch her but breaks his left arm in the process. The accident brings them closer and there is the first stirring of love in the narrator's own words:

However this be, certain it is that the accident operated very strongly on Sophia; and, indeed after much enquiry into the matter, I am inclined to believe, that, at this very time, the charming Sophia made no less impression on the heart of Jones; to say the truth, he had for some time become sensible to the irresistible power of her charms.

Tom is seen by a surgeon and ordered into bed and Sophia is bled at her father's orders. Book IV concludes with a conversation between Sophia and Mrs Honour, her maid, who is extolling Tom's virtues to the former and Sophia becomes annoyed by her presumptuousness.

Book V Containing a portion of time somewhat longer than half a year

Tom thinks about his love for Sophia but knows that her father would not agree to any union so his thoughts turn back to Molly who he believes is 'in all the circumstances of wretchedness.' Tom, once he is recovered, makes his way to Molly's home only to discover her in bed with his teacher, Square. Tom still feels some affection for her until he is told by Betty, Molly's older sister, that her innocence had been taken before Tom by Will Barnes, a country gallant.

In the meantime, Mr Allworthy has become ill and is told by his doctor that it may be fatal. He summons all his relatives and household servants to his bedside and informs them of his will - Blifil will inherit the estate and Tom will be given a £1,000 lump sum and £500 per annum (Thwackum and Square will get a £1,000 each and the household servants some token payments which displeases Mrs Wilkins, the housekeeper). However, Allworthy recovers and Tom is so pleased that he gets drunk in his pleasure, which displeases Blifil who is in mourning after receiving news that his mother has died. A scuffle ensues but the two are parted and made to make peace with each other.

On a pleasant June evening, Tom is in the garden thinking about Sophia when Molly makes an appearance and, after an hour's conversation, the two disappear into the bushes. Blifil and Thwackum, likewise on an evening stroll, and Blifil spots Tom with a woman. He informs Thwackum who becomes furious and is determined to punish Tom. Tom guards the entrance to the shrubbery to prevent them seeing who the girl is,and a fight ensues which Tom starts to lose until Squire Western intervenes to make it two against two. Sophia faints at the sight of all the blood and Tom carries her to a nearby brook, giving her a caress which she does not spurn, and she recovers much to her father's delight. Tom returns to Western's house and Blifil and Thwackum to their's.

Book VI Containing about three weeks

Mrs Western is the cultured sister of Western and Sophia's aunt. Although unmarried herself, she recognises the signs of love and notices that Sophia is showing these. She informs her brother that his daughter is in love with Blifil - Mrs Western had noted Sophia's behaviour in his presence - and Squire Western informs Allworthy when he visits for dinner. Allworthy says he will give his approval if the young couple agree and consults with Blifil who, thinking of Sophia's fortune, agrees to his uncle's request (not knowing of Sophia's love for Tom). Mrs Western then speaks to Sophia to reveal her amour, and is enraged when she finds out it is not Blifil but Tom:

And is it possible you can think of disgracing your family by allying yourself to a bastard? can the blood of the Westerns submit to such contamination? If you have not sense sufficient to restrain such monstrous inclinations, I thought the pride of our family would have prevented you from giving the least encouragement to so base an affection; much less did I imagine you would ever have had the assurance to own it to my face.

With the aunt agreeing to keep the whole thing a secret, Mr Western then tells Sophia about his intentions and Sophia is obliged to meet Blifil the same afternoon, and Sophia is determined to go through with the meeting, even though she hates and despises Blifil. After a difficult meeting, in which Blifil thinks he has won her heart, he is accosted by Squire Western before he leaves and Blifil announces that he is satisfied with Sophia, much to the father's delight.

However, once he is gone, Sophia reveals her true feelings for Blifil but he ignores her pleadings and grows enraged:

If you detest un never so much,' cries Western, 'you shall ha'un. This he bound by an oath too shocking to repeat; and after many violent asseverations, concluded in these words: 'I am resolved upon the match and unless you consent to it I will not give you a groat, not a single farthing; no, though I saw you expiring with famine in the street, I would not relieve you with a morsel of bread. This is my fixed resolution, and so I leave you to consider on it.

Tom is in the house and is asked by Western to go to Sophia to encourage her to marry Blifil. The two young lovers are in agony and reveal they can never part from each other as they take each other's hands. However, whilst they have been conversing, Mrs Western has revealed all to the Squire, who threatens to assault Jones but is only prevented from doing so by the parson. Mr Western then visits his neighbour Allworthy and informs him of the situation in heated tones. After his departure, Mr Allworthy asks Blifil if he still wants to proceed with the marriage, and the latter replies in the affirmative, mainly to spite Tom. Blifil also takes the opportunity to inform his uncle about the bust up in the shrubbery, saying that Tom assaulted his tutor, Thwackum.

In reality, Blifil had taken some pains to prevail with the parson, and to prevent the discovery at that time; for which he had many reasons. He knew that the minds of men are apt to be softened and relaxed from their usual severity by sickness. Besides, he imagined that if the story was told when the fact was recent, and the physician about the house, who might have unravelled the real truth, he should never be able to give it the malicious turn which he intended. Again, he resolved to hoard up this malicious business till the indiscretion of Jones should afford some additional complaints; for he thought the joint weight of many facts falling upon him together, would be the most likely to crush him; and he watched, therefore, soem such opportunity as that with which Fortune had now kindly presented him.

Allworthy summons Tom before him to plead his case but Tom is sunk too low from hearing the news about Sophia to make a robust defence. As such, he is commanded by his foster-father to leave the house immediately after being given a sum of 500 pounds. Tom walks about a mile and, thinking beside a little brook, is resolved to quit Sophia rather than bring her to her ruin. He pens a letter from a neighbouring house but discovers, in searching his pockets for his wax, that he has lost his wallet and returns to the brook to look for it. Here he meets George and together they look for it although George has already picked it up on coming to the same spot earlier. Tom asks him to deliver his letter for Sophia to Mrs Honour and, on doing so, George receives one back for Tom. In it, Sophia professes her affection for him but also warns him to steer clear of her father, 'As you know his temper, I beg you will, for my sake, avoid him.'

Sophia is looked up in her room by her father but Honour manages to give Tom's letter to her. She all tells her that the squire 'stripped him half naked and turned him out of doors!'. Sophia gives her all the money she has - amounting to a purse of sixteen guineas - telling her to give it to Tom. Honour gives the money to Black George, who is tempted to steal it like the £500 earlier - but the danger of the theft being discovered outweighs his greed and he delivers the money to Jones.

The Book ends with the return of Mrs Western to the house and her being informed of Sophia's captivity. She rebukes her brother ans sets Sophia free.

Book VII Containing about three days

Tom receives a note from Blifil along with his effects, informing him that his uncle requires him to immediately quit the neighbourhood.

Sophia speaks with her aunt who tries to persuade her about the advantages of marrying Blifil. However, Mr Western overhears their conversation and storms into the room. He and his sister get into a furious argument over his behaviour and she threatens to quit the house. However, on the sound advice of Sophia, she is recalled by Mr Western who makes efforts to pacify her.

Having become reconciled, both are determined to have Sophia married off as quickly as possible, and Blifil makes a second visit, and the reader is given an insight into his motives:

Though Mr Blifil was not of the complexion of Jones, nor ready to eat every woman he saw, yet he was far from being destitute of that appetite which is said to be the common property of all animals ... this taught him to consider Sophia as a most delicious morsel, indeed to regard her with the same desires which an ortolan inspires in the soul of an epicure. Now the agonies which affected the mind of Sophia rather augmented than impaired her beauty; for her tears added brightness to her eyes, and her breasts rose higher with her sighs ... nor was his desire at all lessened by the aversion which he discovered in her to himself. On the contrary, this served rather to heighten the pleasure he proposed in rifling her charms, as it added triumph to lust; nay, he had some further views, from obtaining the absolute possession of her person, which we detest too much even to mention; and revenge itself was not without its share in the gratification which he proposed himself.

Mr Allworthy is satisfied by what his nephew and Western tell him concerning Sophia and the marriage treaty is set two days hence.

Sophia is now fixed on avoiding the marriage and, in a conversation with Honour, says she will quit the house and stay with a lady of quality in London who is her close acquaintance. Honour agrees to accompany her and agrees to get herself discharged so that their clothes can be packed for the journey without any undue suspicion. Honour deliberately provokes the chambermaid of Mrs Western by abusing her mistress and the lady herself is told of their conversation and vows to have Honour discharged for her impudence. There follows a dispute between Mr Western and his sister over the legality of dismissing Honour but in the end the latter has the satisfaction of seeing Honour turned away. Sophia is conscience-stricken about her infidelity to her relations but her love for Tom prevails.

Tom is on the road to Bristol, being determined to take to sea. However, his guide becomes lost and they take shelter at a public house on the advice of a Quaker. The Quaker gets into a conversation with Tom, even though the latter wants to be alone, telling him about his own misfortune of having his daughter run off with a penniless man of low birth - vowing he will never see them again - and Tom pushes him out of the room.

A company of soldiers enter the ale-house as Tom is sleeping on a chair and, getting into a dispute over who will pay for the beer, Tom agrees to cover the bill. He strikes up a conversation with the sergeant who tells him they are marching against the Catholic rebels who had invaded England, expecting to be commanded by the glorious Duke of Cumberland. Tom, being 'a hearty well-wisher to the glorious cause of liberty and of the Protestant religion' agrees to join them as a volunteer.

The soldiers march off and that evening Tom is introduced to the lieutenant, a man who is sixty years of age. Looking like a gentleman, he is invited to dinner with the small company of officers. Tom gets into an argument with Ensign Northerton, who then proceeds to abuse the good name of Sophia after Tom has proposed a toast to her. Tom rebukes him, saying 'you are one of the most impudent scoundrels on earth' and Northerton responds by throwing a bottle at Tom's head which poleaxes him. The lieutenant proceeds to put Northerton under close arrest and a surgeon is called to stem the bleeding.

Tom is put in bed and the lieutenant visits him, promising he will get his satisfaction against his adversary. Later that night, Tom, who is feeling much better, awakes the sergeant and purchases a sword off him before making his way to Netherton's room. He is shot at by the guard, who thinks he is a ghost (his coat is bloodied as is the bandage around his head), and who then faints. However, the bird has flown (with the connivance of the landlady) and Tom retires back to his room and the lieutenant has the sentinel put under arrest. Tom tells the lieutenant that he is to blame for the disturbance and the latter agrees to drop the charge against the soldier.

Book VIII Containing about two days

The landlady visits Tom, after the soldiers have left, and is courteous to him until he shows her his purse which has very little in it. He then dismisses the doctor, who insists on bleeding him so he can get a decent fee,and finally is able to get up and dressed. He calls for a barber to shave him after a dinner of 'buttock [beef] and carrot' and Little Benjamin turns out to be Mr Partridge, the schoolmaster. Tom reveals his whole story to him, and Partridge agrees to accompany him on his journey, secretly hoping that he can convince Tom to return to Allworthy (whom he is convinced in Tom's real father) so that he can get back into Allworthy's favour once more. They make their way on foot to Gloucester and stay at the Bell. However, there is a petty-fogger (a lawyer of low status, who engages in mean practices) present who besmirches Tom's name to the landlady, Mrs Whitefield, after Tom has left their company.

Why, he's the bastard of a fellow who was hanged for horse-stealing. He was dropped at Squire Allworthy's door, where one of the servants found him in a box so full of rain-water, that he would certainly have been drowned, had he not been reserved for another fate ... the squire ordered him to be taken in ... and there the bastard was bred up, and fed, and clothified all to he world like any gentleman; and there he got one of the servant-maids with child, and persuaded her to swear it to the squire himself; and afterwards he broke the arm of one Thwackum, a clergyman, only because he reprimanded him for following whores ... for all which, about four or five days ago, just before I left the country, the squire stripped him stark naked and turned him out of doors.

With Tom's name now mud, the landlady's welcome grows cold and he is resolved to quit the house the same evening. They make their way on foot on a freezing night toward some hills that they have been informed lie not far from Worcester. Tom begs his companion to leave him, telling him he is resolved to die 'a glorious death in the service of my king and country' but the latter refuses to leave him. Partridge eventually sees the glimmer of a light and they make their way to an isolated house. Whilst warming themselves by the fire and conversing with the housekeeper, the owner returns and is set upon by two robbers. Tom rushes outside with a broadsword and drives them off and helps the old gentleman into the house.

This gentleman, called the Man of the Hill, then recounts his life story to Tom and Partridge. A prudent and industrious student, he fell into bad company at Oxford and had to flee to London with his mistress to escape being expelled. Here, both destitute, the woman betrays him to one of her former lovers at Oxford and he is thrown into goal, where he reflects on his sinful life. He is eventually released but still poor, and falls in with an old Oxford acquaintance, Watson, who introduces him to his gambling crowd, and he lives precariously for the next two years pursuing this profession. However, he is re-united with his father, who has come to London to look for him and has been assaulted by thieves - they are re-united by chance as the son, who is walking down the same street, comes to his father's aid after the affray. He returns with his father to Somersetshire, and spends the next four years in contemplation of the works of Aristotle and Plato, and of God. His father dies and he, being the younger son, finds it difficult to live with his brother who lives entirely for sport. He is sent to Bath by his physician to take the waters, and manages to save a man from committing suicide by drowning - the very same Watson, his friend from London. Both are then caught up in Monmouth's rebellion and, when captured, the stranger tells Tom and Partridge that he was denounced by Watson. However, he manages to escape his captors and ends up living at the present house on an annuity, an exile from the world of humanity. The Book ends with the old man and Tom taking a walk together to enjoy the sight of some fine prospects in the early hours of the day.

Book IX Containing twelve hours

Whilst observing the view, they hear a woman screaming and Tom rushes down the hill to help. He comes upon a woman, half-naked, being throttled by a man whom Tom knocks down - it is Ensign Northerton. Tom restrains his hands with a garter and goes back to the Man of the Hill for advice, and is told to take her to Upton, the nearest town. When Tom returns to the woman, Northerton has made his escape on foot, and Tom and the lady make their way to the town, Tom sneaking peeps at her uncovered breasts on the way that he has gazed at earlier:

... she seemed to be at least of the middle age, nor had her face much appearance of beauty; but her clothes being torn from all the upper part of her body, her breasts, which were well formed and extremely white, attracted the eyes of her deliverer, and for a few moments they stood silent, and gazing at each other...

They eventually find an inn and Tom instructs the lady to wait whilst he fetches her some clothes. The landlady and landlord think that something immoral is taking place and assault Tom, who is only saved from a beating by the arrival of Partridge. Susan, the hefty chambermaid joins in, and it only the arrival of a young lady and maid that ends the battle. A sergeant arrives with his men and recognises the woman to be Mrs Western, his Captain's wife, and the inn's hosts make their apologies and peace is restored around a bowl of liquor. Mrs Western then retires with Tom upstairs and proceeds to make a pass at him, finding her saviour extremely attractive, and they end up in bed together:

Mr Jones, of whose personal accomplishments we have hitherto said very little, was, in reality, one of the handsomest young fellows in the world. His face, besides being the picture of health, had in it the most apparent marks of sweetness and good-nature. ... It was, perhaps, as much to this as to a very fine complexion that his face had a delicacy in it almost inexpressible ... He was besides active, genteel, gay, and good-humoured, and had a flow of animal spirits which enlivened every conversation where he was present.

In the meantime, an argument takes place downstairs when the landlord abuses officers of rank in the army. The sergeant takes offence and offers to fight 'the best man of you all for twenty pound' and the coachman of the young lady takes him on, saying he is as good as any man in the army, and offers to box for a guinea. He is well mauled by the sergeant and so unable to convey the young lady on her journey.

An account is then given of how Mrs Waters ended up in 'the distressful situation' from which Jones rescued her. Having accompanied her husband as far as Worcester, he had proceeded onwards and Northerton had joined her for an assignation. He tells her of the incident with Jones, and they decide to make for Hereford, then a Welsh seaport so that he can make his escape abroad. Mrs Waters has £90 and her jewelry to finance their journey. However, it was in the wood at he foot of Mazard Hill that Northerton tried to kill her but she, being 'not of the weakest order of females', was able to fend him off until Tom came to her rescue.

Book X In which the history goes forward about twelve hours

At the beginning, the narrator has a go at modern critics whom he refers to as 'reptiles'. He givs them instructions as to how to correctly judge a book e.g. not to condemn a character as a bad one because it is not perfectly a good one).

An Irishman arrives at the Upton inn, a Mr Fitzpatrick, who is desperately looking for his wife. He speaks to Susan, the chambermaid, who shows him up to Mrs Water's room. He sees Tom and then a lot of women's clothes strewed around the room, and he and Tom proceed to blows until Mrs Waters cries out 'murder! robbery! and more frequently rape'. An Irishman staying in the room next door now enters the bedroom, a Mr Maclachlan, who lets his friend no that he has the wrong woman. Fitzpatrick apologises to Mrs Waters but says he will have his blood in the morning. Mrs Waters screams rape again to divert attention away from her and Tom being in the same room together, and all the men depart.

Two young women in riding habits now arrive at the inn and one of them is immediately recognised as being a lady of quality. The lady retires to bed and the maid, Mrs Honour, returns downstairs and demands food. She falls into conversation with Mr Partridge and learns that Tom is staying in the same inn. She tells Sophia that Tom is in the house and, returning downstairs, finds out from Partridge that Tom is with a woman and cannot be woken. Honour goes back upstairs and Sophia decides to leave her muff (with her name written on it for Tom to let him know she was there) and departs.

Tom finds the muff and determines to give chase to Sophia. Western now arrives with some of his followers at the inn. The narrator mentions here that if he had come two hours earlier he would not only found Sophia but also his niece - for such was the wife of Mr Fitzpatrick, who had run away with her five years before, out of the custody of Mrs Western. In fact, Mrs Fitzpatrick had heard the voice of her husband and payed the landlady for horses to make her escape at the same time as Sophia's departure. Western see Jones with Sophia's muff in his hands and tries to assault him but is restrained. Fitzpatrick, who it turns out is married to the daughter of Mrs Western, decides to help his uncle by showing him to what he believes is Sophia's room, which turns out to be Mrs Waters'. A magistrate in the inn hears the case but refuses to convict Tom, and Western, in a fury, departs in pursuit of his daughter.

The plot now reverts back to when Sophia left her father's house. Sophia decides to take a zigzag route before hitting the London road to avoid her father. It turns out that their guide is the same as who conducted Tom, and Sophia bribes him to take them on the same route along the Bristol road. They spend a night with Mrs Whitefield in Gloucester before ending up at the Upton inn.

Book XI Containing about three days

The narrator again berates the critics for the work they do:

... the slander of a book is, in truth, the slander of the author; for, as no one can call another bastard, without calling the mother a whore, so neither can any one give the names of sad stuff, horrid nonsense, etc. to a book, without calling the author a blockhead; which, though in a moral sense it is a preferable appellation to that of a villain, is perhaps rather more injurious to his worldly interest.

Sophia, making her way past the Severn, is joined by another young lady, her maid (Abigail Honour, Mrs Honour's sister) and a guide. As it is night-time, they do not speak much and can hardly see each other. However, in daylight they recognise one another - the other lady is Harriet, Sophia's cousin and the daughter of Mrs Western. They determine to wait until they arrive at an inn before they tell each other their stories. Once at the inn, Sophia and Harriet share a bed as do the two maids, everyone being exhausted from their journey, and the landlord and his wife come to the conclusion that they are supporters of the rebel Charles Stuart, fleeing the Duke of Cumberland, and that Sophia is Jenny Cameron herself (the daughter of a highland supporter of Charles).

Once they have rested, Mrs Fitzpatrick recounts her story to Sophia. She met Fitzpatrick whilst staying with her aunt, Mrs Western, in Bath. He paid court to her aunt, but was also very kind to herself, until he eventually professed his love for her. The aunt left Bath and she married Fitzpatrick. However, he says they will have to return to his estate in Ireland, which she is very reluctant to do, and by accident finds a debtor's letter from his tailor in which he recalls Fitzpatrick saying he would soon marry either the aunt or the niece which would settle his debts, preferring the niece as he would have quicker access to the money. Harriet reveals all to her husband but he fobs her off and they travel to Ireland. His house is very dismal and he proves the opposite of the gallant in Bath - he is aggressive and boorish in his behaviour to her. Eventually, he imprisons her in her bedroom but, whilst on a three month trip to England, she is able to make her escape with the help of a neighbouring aristocrat. She intended to make for Bath to plead with her aunt, and this is how she ran into Sophia. There is also an interlude when Mrs Honour assaults the landlord when she finds out that he thinks Sophia is Jenny Cameron. As she recounts to Sophia:

What doth your ladyship think? Would you imagine that this impudent villain, the master of this house, hath had the impudence to tell me that your ladyship is that nasty, stinking wh-ore (Jenny Cameron they call her), that runs around the country with the Pretender? .... but I have clawed the rascal; I have left the marks of my nails in his impudent face.

It happens (by coincidence!) that the same Irish peer that helped Harriet is staying at the inn, on his way to London. He pays them a call and offers them a ride in his coach-and-six to London. Whilst preparing herself, Sophia discovers that she has lost a £100 bill which her father had given her, believing it fell out of her pocket. The party arrive in London but Sophia is desirous of looking up her acquaintance, having suspicions that Harriet intends to make for Bath in order to have an alliance with the Irish nobleman. She makes her farewell, repeating their aunt's maxim to Harriet that 'whenever the matrimonial alliance is broke, and war declared between husband and wife, she can hardly make a disadvantageous peace for herself on any conditions' but Mrs Fitzpatrick contemptuously dismisses this advice. Sophia then repairs to the house of Lady Bellaston who promises she will do everything in her power to protect her.

Book XII Containing the same individual time with the former

Squire Western is in pursuit of his daughter but gets waylaid by a hunt and ends up returning home. Tom and Partridge come across a lame fellow in rags who Tom gives a shilling to. The beggar offers Tom something he has found, and it turns out to be Sophia's pocket book with the £100 bill tucked inside. Tom gives the man a guinea, promising more later, and they leave him very discontented. They eventually come to an ale-house and Partridge is keen to see the puppet-show, which plays the Provoked Husband. The landlady berates her chambermaid for having a sexual dalliance with Merry Andrew, the youth who beats the drum to announce the shows.

Tom retires to bed but is awoken by the sound of the master of the puppet-show beating his Merry Andrew. Tom intervenes, and the Merry Andrew mentions the puppet master trying to rob a lady in a fine riding habit the day before. Tom realizes this was Sophia and instructs the youth to show him the spot where this would have happened. He and Partridge then procure horses from the inn and also recognise the same boy who guided Sophia to the last inn. Accepting some money, he is persuaded to guide them to the same place and they try to get post-horses at the same inn but there are none to be had. At the same time, Tom is saluted by Mr Dowling, the lawyer with whom Tom had dined at Gloucester, and he and Partridge prevail on Tom to spend the night at the inn. Jones and Dowling share a bottle of wine, and Tom informs him of how Blifil has tried to ruin him, 'I saw the selfishness in him long ago which I despised; but it is lately, very lately, that I have found him capable of the basest and blackest designs.' Tom also assures the attorney of his deepest respect for Mr Allworthy, and not his money, and here the reader is given an insight into his true frankness of character:

I should have been contented with very little: I have never had any view upon Mr Allworthy's fortune; nay, I believe I may truly say, I never once considered what he could or might give me. This I solemnly declare, if he had done a prejudice to his nephew in my favour, I would have undone it again. What is the poor pride arising from a magnificent house, a numerous equipage, a splendid table, and from all the other advantages or appearance of fortune compared to the warm, solid content, the swelling satisfaction, the thrilling transports, and the exulting triumphs which a good mind enjoys in the contemplation of a generous, noble, benevolent action? I envy not Blifil in the prospect of his wealth; nor shall I envy him in the possession of it.

Tom then takes leave of Darling and sets forth for Coventry. He and Partridge make their way but are caught in a storm and forced to take shelter in a barn, in which a gypsy wedding feast is taking place, but they are made welcome by the King of the Gypsies. Jones and Partridge then travel post in pursuit of Sophia, ending up at St Albans where they just miss Sophia. As they make their way into London, they meet a fellow traveller on horseback who, on hearing that Tom has £100, attempts to hold them up but is overcome by Tom - the highwayman confesses that it was his first robbery and he only did it out of great need. Tom takes pity on him and gives him two guineas and the man is overcome by his generosity.

Book XIII Containing the space of twelve days

Jones and Partridge arrive in London but, being unfamiliar with its streets, retire to the Bull and Gate in Holborn. Tom then finds out where the lord's residence is and, after bribing a footman, is admitted into the presence of Mrs Fitzpatrick. She, think that he is the suitor Sophia is trying to avoid, dissembles and Tom leaves the house, but stands watch nearby. Mrs Fitzpatrick communicates her suspicions to her maid, Abigail, and is informed that the man was Jones himself.

Tom is admitted once more to see Mrs Fitzpatrick and Lady Bellaston joins them, as does the noble lord who ignores Tom, and Mrs Fitzpatrick designs to get rid of Tom.He then thinks about the gentlewoman at whose house Mr Allworthy is accustomed to lodge when in town, and dispatches Partridge to the house, where he is able to secure two rooms. The landlady is Mrs Miller, and she has two daughters - Nancy is seventeen and Betty ten. There is a young gentleman lodger, a Mr Nightingale, who gets into a fight with his footman. Tom intervenes to save him from being throttled and the two become friends over a shared bottle of wine.

Tom then receives a bundle inside which is a domino, a mask and a masquerade ticket and a card signed the 'queen of the fairies'. He is determined to go to the masque, thinking that he might find Sophia there, and Nightgale lends him some of his clothes and offers to accompany him. He talks to a variety of women who look or sound like Sophia, until he meets a lady in a domino who talks to him about Sophia. After she quits the masquerade to return home, forbidding Tom to follow her. He, however, ignores her warning and follows her chair to a street near Hanover Square and walks in after her - the woman turns out to be Lady Bellaston and they sleep together, Lady Bellaston promising Tom she would try to find out Sophia's whereabouts.

Returning to his lodgings, Mrs Miller tells the household about a cousin of hers whose family is living in extreme poverty. Tom, after hearing her narrative, gives her his purse containing £50, asking her to use it for the poor people and she joyfully takes ten guineas. Tom tries to find out from Lady Bellaston where Sophia is but cannot (the latter now seeing Sophia as a rival in love). He is also in a very difficult position as she is now supporting him financially:

Add to all these the many obligations which Lady Bellaston, whose violent fondness we can no longer conceal, had heaped upon him; so that by her means he was now become one of the best-dressed men about town, and was not only relieved from those ridiculous distresses we have before mentioned, but was actually raised to a state of affluence beyond what he had ever known.

There is also a description of Lady Bellaston (in Chapter IX):

... who had once been an object of desire, but was now entered at least into the autumn of life, though she wore all the gaiety of youth, both in dress and manner; nay, she contrived still to maintain the roses in her cheeks; but these, like flowers forced out of season by art, had none of that lively blooming freshness which Nature, at the proper time, bedecks her own productions. She had, besides, a certain imperfection, which renders some flowers, though very beautiful to the eye, very improper to be placed in a wilderness of sweets, and what above all others is most disagreeable to the breath of love.

He receives a note from her asking for a meeting at her house, having arranged for Sophia, Mrs Honour and her own maid, Mrs Etoff, to see a play together. Tom meets Mrs Miller's cousin who turns out to be the highwayman who tried to rob him and the man is effusive in his thanks for Tom's kindness to his family who are now all restored to health.

Tom goes to Lady Bellaston's house but she is not there. He is waiting in the drawing-room when Sophia enters, having left the play early in distaste under the protection of a young gentleman. Both are as surprised as each other, and after reprimanding him for bandying her name around in inns, with Tom protesting it was Partridge not he, she starts crying and Tom kisses away her tears. Lady Bellaston enters and Sophia makes the pretence that Tom has only come to return her pocket-book and the bank bill, and Tom takes the opportunity to leave, asking Lady Bellaston for permission to pay another visit to which she politely consents. The Book concludes with Sophia attempting to ward off her cousin's questions about the young gentleman:

... our heroine now pursued the dictates of the above-mentioned right honourable philosopher. As she was perfectly satisfied then that Lady Bellaston was ignorant of the person of Jones, so she determined to keep her in ignorance, though at the expense of a little fibbing.

Book XIV Containing two days

Lady Bellaston pays a surprise visit to Tom's apartments. However, they are interrupted by the arrival of Mrs Honour bearing a letter for Tom from Sophia, and Lady Bellaston is forced to hide behind a curtain. Honour assures Tom of her mistress' regard and, after she has left, Lady Bellaston emerges from her place of concealment as, 'streams of fire darted from her eyes, and well indeed they might, for her heart was all in a flame.' However, Tom makes his peace with her and they agree that future visits to her house will appear as though they are for Sophia's sake, Bellaston being 'convinced that Sophia possessed the first place in Jones's affections' and '... she submitted at last to bear the second place'.

Mrs Miller talks to Tom about the house getting a reputation of one of ill-fame, and Tom assures her that he will change his place of lodgings. Nightingale tells him that he too has resolved to quit the house, although Tom reminds him that Nancy, the eldest daughter, is in love with him, but Nightingale is not unduly concerned, liking to boast about his skill at gaining women, much to Tom's dismay,

... who always expressed great bitterness against any misbehaviour to the fair part of the species, who, if considered, he said, as they ought to be, in the light of the dearest friends, were to be cultivated, honoured and caressed with the utmost love and tenderness; but if regarded as enemies, were a conquest of which a man ought rather to be ashamed that to value himself upon it.

Nightingale, however, quits the house and Mrs Miller is distraught, revealing to Tom that Nancy is with child by him. All he has left her is a note stating that he cannot marry her as his father has insisted on his paying his addresses to a young lady of fortune who he has chosen for him as a wife. Jones promises to go and talk to Nightingale and attempts to persuade him to change his mind and resolving to speak to his father, a proposal to which the son readily assents. A farcical conversation takes place in a coffee house with Tom speaking about Nancy Miller whereas the father presumes he is talking about Miss Harris, and Tom saying he is already married. Old Mr Nightingale's brother then makes an appearance and also helps to persuade his brother against a union with Miss Harris, for, as he is her neighbour, he knows her to be 'very tall, very thin, very ugly, very affected, very silly, and very ill-natured.' Jones finally agrees to conduct the uncle to his nephew in Mrs Miller's house.

Mrs Miller informs Jones that all matters are settled between Nightingale and Nancy and that they are to be married the next day. The uncle, however, takes his nephew upstairs and, on finding out that he isn't married, tells him to call of the wedding as it is both foolish and preposterous. They return downstairs and the others feel that something is amiss, especially Tom as the uncle departs with Nightingale. However, Tom receives a visit from Mrs Honour who informs him she has dreadful news regarding her mistress.

Book XV In which the history advances about two days

Lady Bellaston is now determined to get Sophia out of the way who:

... under all the smiles which she wore in her countenance, concealed much indignation against Sophia; and as she plainly saw that this young lady stood between her and the full indulgence of her desires, she resolved to get rid of her by some means or other; nor was it long before a favourable opportunity of accomplishing this presented itself to her.

The young nobleman who escorted Sophia from the play, Lord Fellamar, approaches Lady Bellaston and declares his love for Sophia, and she says she will promote his cause with her father, although pointing out that he has a rival for her affection - 'a beggar, a bastard, a foundling, a fellow in meaner circumstances than one of your lordship's own footmen.' She persuades an acquaintance, Tom Edwards, to announce in front of Sophia that Jones has been killed in a duel, and Sophia retires to her room in dismay. Bellaston and Fellamar then hatch a plan for the latter to ravish Sophia the next evening whilst the servants are out of the house, and Lady Bellaston in an apartment distant from the scene. Despite having scruples, Fellamar falls in with her scheme and throws himself at Sophia but the rape is interrupted by the arrival of Squire Western and his parson. The lord believes the father will accept him as his future son-in-law but is brushed aside by Western and removes Sophia to his own lodgings. Lady Bellaston is not too perturbed by the failure of her scheme with Fellamar since at least Sophia is now out of the way.

The plot now reverts back to how the Squire discovered his daughter's whereabouts. Mrs Fitzgerald, hoping to reconcile her aunt and uncle, sent a letter to Mrs Western informing on how she met Sophia and her present location. The lady passes the letter to her brother and he is resolved to go to London with his sister following a day later.

Honour, as mentioned earlier, comes to see Tom with the bad news and, whilst she is speaking to him, Lady Bellaston's arrival is announced and Mrs Honour this time is forced to hide. Lady Bellaston comments on Jones' attractiveness but he cannot reply in kind as Honour is present in the room. However, his embarrassment is ended when Mr Nightingale stumbles drunk into the room and Lady Bellaston is forced to share the hiding place with Honour. The Lady, after assuring the maid of her friendship in order to stop her repeating what she has heard, takes her leave in a fury. Mrs Honour also berates Tom for his infidelity to her mistress but he eventually manages to calm her down.

Nancy and Nightingale are married at Doctors' Commons and Tom then receives three letters from Lady Bellaston requesting his presence at her home. Nightingale confronts Tom and tells him about her reputation around town:

... he (Tom) was thoroughly ignorant of the town and had very little acquaintance in it, he had no had no knowledge of that character which is vulgarly called a demi-rep; that is to say, a woman who intrigues with every man she likes, under the name and appearance of virtue, and who, through some over-nice ladies will not be seen with her, is visited (as they term it) by the whole town; in short, whom everybody knows to be what nobody calls her.

Tom also reveals his deep love for Sophia whom he now idolizes:

The sweetest air is not purer, the limpid stream not clearer, than her honour. She is all over, both in mind and body, consummate perfection. She is the most beautiful creature in the universe; and yet she is mistress of such noble, elevated qualities, that, though she is never from my thoughts, I scarce ever think of her beauty but when I see it.

Jones and Nightingale ('his privy council') proceed to hatch their own plan so that he can be rid of Bellaston. Nightingale knows that she turned away a former young man when he proposed marriage to her, and he suggests that Tom does the same. The latter is reluctant in case she agrees to his proposal, but Nightingale believes the young man in question - angered by the ill offices she had done him since - would show Tom her letters, the knowledge of which he could use to break off the affair. Tom writes a letter and Lady Bellaston writes back banishing him from her home.

Mrs Miller receives notice from Mr Allworthy that he is coming to London and Tom, Mr and Mrs Nightingale remove to new apartments. Tom, having dispatched Mrs Honour to give him more news about Sophia's state, receives a letter from her saying she now has a position with Lady Bellaston and can tell him nothing. A few days later Mr Partridge bumps into Black George and, over a few pots of beer, learns that he is working for Squire Western and can convey letters to Sophia in order to help Tom, and Tom sits down to write his epistle.

Book XVI Containing the space of five days

The scene shifts to Squire Western's lodgings in Piccadilly, recommended by the landlord at the Hercules Pillars at Hyde Park Corner, where Sophia is locked in her room. An officer asks to be presented and informs the Squire and parson he has come on behalf of Lord Fellamar who wants to visit his daughter on the footing of a lover, but Western throws him out. Sophia, hearing the noise below her, starts screaming and her father enters her room, asking her to fulfil his demands but she once more refuses and her father storms out, once more ignoring her pleas and tears. However, Black George is able to slip Sophia Tom's letter, hidden inside a pullet, and she muses over it. Mrs Western now arrives and is highly indignant over Sophia's imprisonment:

Have I not often told you that women in a free country are not to be treated with such arbitrary power? We are as free as the men, and I heartily wish I could not say we deserve that freedom better.

She demands that she be given complete control over the niece and, with the support of the parson, the Squire finally agrees and Mrs Western conducts her to her own more salubrious lodgings.

Tom now receives a letter from Sophia, written from her aunt's lodgings and begging him to give her up in order that he may be reconciled to Mr Allworthy, and enclosing the £100 bank bill as she knows Tom requires money.

The plot now switches back to the past when Blifil was informed by Western about his daughter's flight to London. Blifil's case that Sophia loves him is now more uncertain:

There was one difficulty, however, in his way, and this arose from Mr Allworthy. That good man, when he found, by the departure of Sophia (for neither that, nor the cause of it, could be concealed from him), the great aversion which she had for his nephew, began to be seriously concerned that he had been deceived into carrying matters so far. He by no mean concurred with the opinion of those parents who think it is immaterial to consult the inclinations of their children in the affair of marriage as to solicit the good pleasure of their servants then they intend to take a journey, and who are by law, or decency at least, withheld often from using absolute force.

Allworthy agrees to Blifil's insistent demands that he accompany him to London but warns his nephew, "I will never give my consent to any absolute force being put on her inclinations, nor shall you ever have her unless she can be brought freely of compliance."

Once in London, Squire Western and Blifil barge into his sister's house and she is furious at the incivility of their entrance. Sophia, who turns pale at the sight of Blifil, is allowed to retire to her room whilst her aunt castigates Squire Western for his rude country manners, and at the same time suggests to Blifil that perhaps he can visit Sophia again in the afternoon. Blifil now quite rightly, as the narrator points out, suspects that Mrs Western may have turned against his cause.

Lady Bellaston sees Lord Fellamar and advises him to have Jones somehow pressed and sent on board a ship. She then meets Mrs Western meet (they are cousins) and the former tells the latter about Lord Fellamar's attachment to Sophia and it is agreed they will pursue his case. Mrs Western refers to Blifil as 'a hideous kind of fellow' with nothing but fortune to recommend him. Jones pays a visit to Mrs Fitzpatrick, who encourages him to make a 'sham address' to Mrs Western (just as Fitzpatrick did) in order to win Sophia but he outrightly declines the undertaking, just as he does the advances now Mrs Fitzpatrick now makes towards him. Fitzpatrick has now come up to London from Bath and sees Jones coming out of his wife's house - he draws his sword but Jones manages to stab him with his - he '... sheathed one half of his sword in the body of the said gentleman' - but is arrested by the gang employed by Lord Fellamar and taken before a magistrate who commits him to Gatehouse. Here, he receives a letter from Sophia stating she has seen his letter with his proposal of marriage to Bellaston.

Book XVII Containing three days

Mr Allworthy is informed by Mrs Miller of how kind-hearted Tom has been towards her and her family. However, Blifil informs his uncle that Tom has killed a man but the conversation is interrupted by the entrance of Mr Western, who complains to his neighbour about Lord Fellamar. Mr Allworthy, commenting of Sophia's good character, tells Western he will not have Sophia forced into a marriage:

Indeed I heartily wished to receive so great a jewel into my family: but though I may wish for many good things, I would not, therefore, steal them, or be guilty of any violence or injustice to possess myself of them. Now to force a woman into a marriage contrary to her consent or approbation, is an act of such injustice and oppression, that I wish the laws of our country could restrain it...

After finding out the true inclinations of Sophia towards Blifil, Mr Allwothy informs Western that the marriage will not proceed.

Mrs Western now tries to persuade Sophia to marry Lord Fellamar but she tells her aunt how he tried to force himself on her in Lady Bellaston's house and so a truce is called and her aunt is in a better temper. Mrs Miller visits Sophia and tells her how well Tom has behaved towards her penniless cousin, Mr Anderson, and she manages to make Sophia read his letter but it does not change her attitude towards him.Fellamar pays a visit to Sophia but she rejects his love and is berated by her aunt after the lord has left for receiving letters from Tom (she has learnt this from Mrs Miller).

The action now switches to Tom in prison. Nightingale visits him and informs him that the only witnesses to the fight were from a man-of-war crew lying at Deptford, and they said that Tom had struck the first blow. Mrs Waters then visits Tom telling him to cheer up and giving him the good news that Fitzpatrick is not dead and likely to recover. Having lived with Fitzpatrick as his wife in Bath, she is also doing so in London so knows exactly what is happening.

Book XVIII Containing about six days

Partridge now visits Tom with the horrific news that he has been a-bed with his own mother, Mrs Waters but, whilst he is dispatched by Tom to find her, Tom receives a letter from her that she has a matter of high importance to communicate to him. Mrs Miller and Jack Nightingale speak to Mr Allworthy about Tom's merits and the latter says he might start to think better of the young gentleman:

I may, perhaps, in time, be brought to think better than lately I have of this young man; for this good gentlewoman here, nay, all who know me, can witness that I loved him as dearly as if he had been my own son. Indeed, I have considered him as a child sent by fortune to my care. I still remember the innocent, the hapless situation in which I found him. I feel the tender pressure of his little hands at this moment. He was my darling indeed he was.

Mr Allworthy then receives a letter from Mr Square stating that he is dying and saying that Tom was innocent and 'that this young man hath the noblest generosity of heart, the most perfect capacity for friendship, the highest integrity, and indeed every virtue which can ennoble a man.'

Mr Partridge is now summoned before Mr Allworthy's presence and he tells him his history since the time he lost his school. He also tells him about Tom's sleeping with his mother, at which Allworthy expresses shock, but Mrs Waters enters the room desiring to speak with him. She states that Partridge was not the father of the child but a young man named Summer, the son of a clergyman who was a great friend of Allworthy's. Summer came to reside at Allworthy's house after completing his studies, and Allworthy's sister became pregnant and bore the child found between the sheets in his bed. It turns out the Miss Bridget went to the house of Mrs Waters' mother and it was arranged that mother and daughter would attend her (with Mrs Wilkins being ssent to Dorsetshire to be out of the way). Having given birth, Mrs Waters was instructed to take the child to Allworthy's bed. Once her story is complete, Mr Allworthy recollects that his sister a liking for Summer but that she had expressed the highest disdain for his unkind suspicion so he had let the matter drop.

Mrs Waters then mentions to Mr Allworthy that she had been visited by a gentleman who, taking her for Fitzpatrick's wife, informed her she would be financially assisted by a worthy gentleman if she wanted to prosecute Jones. She found out that the man's name was Darling from Mr Partridge. Mr Western now appears, berating that fact that a lord now wants to marry Sophia and Allworthy says he will try to speak with her once more. Mrs Waters then says she was ruined 'by a very deep scheme of villainy' which drove her into the arms of Captain Waters, whom she lived with as a wife for many years even though they remained unmarried. Dowling then appears and Mr Allworthy confronts him in the presence of Mrs Waters and eventually learns the truth that is was Blifil who sent him to talk to her. Dowling also reveals that he was given a letter by Blifil's mother on her deathbed and also instructed by her to tell Allworthy that Jones was his nephew. However, as Allworthy had been ill at the time, he delivered the letter into Blifil's hands who said he would convey it to Allworthy.

Allworthy leaves to have his interview with Sophia at Western's house. After assuring her that she will not have to marry Blifil owing to his villainy, he says that he has another matter of a very serious nature to propose:

I have a near relation, madam, a young man whose character is, I am convinced, the very opposite to that of this wretch (Blifil), and whose fortune I will make equal to what his was to have been. Could I, madam, hope you would admit a visit from him?

Sophia is bemused but, on being informed that it is Jones, refuses outright to meet him, saying it would be as disagreeable as a meeting with Blifil. Squire Western bursts into the room and, on being informed by Allworthy that Tom is his nephew, now becomes as eager for Sophia to marry Jones as he was about Blifil.

Allworthy returns to his lodgings and his reunion with Tom now takes place:

It is impossible to conceive a more tender or moving scene than the meeting between the uncle and nephew (for Mrs Waters, as the reader may well suppose, had at her last visit discovered to him the secret of his birth). The first agonies of joy which were felt on both sides are indeed beyond my powers to describe.

To compound his joy, Tom is also informed by Mrs Miller that, after speaking with her son, she has told Sophia all about the Bellaston letter and that Tom had also refused a proposal of marriage from a pretty widow called Hunt (which occurs earlier in the novel).

Tom informs Mr Allworthy that his liberty had been procured by two noble lords, One of these was Lord Fellamar who, on finding out from Fitzpatrick that he took all the blame and that Tom was the nephew to a gentleman of great fortune, went with the Irish peer to obain Tom's release. Mrs Miller asks Allworthy about Blifil and the latter replies that 'I cannot be easy while such a villain is in my house.' Tom pleads with him to be lenient but Allworthy sends him to Blifil's room and Tom tells him he has to leave but that he will also do everything in his powers to help his younger brother, 'and would leave nothing unattempted to effectuate a reconciliation with his uncle'.'

Blifil was at first sullen and silent, balancing in his mind whether he should yet deny all; but, finding at last the evidence too strong against him, he betook himself at last to confession. He then asked pardon of his brother in the most vehement manner, prostrated himself on the ground, and kissed his (Tom's) feet; in short, he was now as remarkably mean as he had been before remarkably wicked.

Jones then accompanies his uncle, now fully kitted-out as a young gentleman of wealth, to Mr Western's house. Sophia is also decked out in all her finery and the two are left alone by the uncle and father and are eventually reconciled when Tom kisses her on her 'dear lips'. Western once more bursts into the room and Sophia says she will be obedient to her father by agreeing to marry Tom. The pair are privately married the next day in the chapel at Doctors' Commons but a joint wedding feast is held afterwards at Mrs Miller's house with Nightingale and his bride, Nancy (who have been reconciled with old Mr Nightingale through the mediation of Mr Allworthy).

So, the story reaches its conclusion. The narrator informs his reader of the fate of his characters. Allworthy refused to see Blifil but settled an annual income of £200 on him and the latter moved to one of the northern counties, hoping to purchase a seat in the next parliament and turning Methodist in the hope of ensnaring a rich wife. Mrs Fitzpatrick divorces her husband and maintains a close friendship with the Irish peer who aided her escape from Ireland. Mr Nightingale and his wife purchase an estate in the neighbourhood of Jones. Mrs Waters receives a £60 annual pension from Allworthy and marries Western's Parson Supple, and Partridge sets up a school and a marriage to Molly Seagrim is on the cards. Mr Western moved out of his country seat into a smaller house, liking to play with his grand-daughter and grand-son, while Tom and Sophia love Mr Allworthy as a father. And, as for Tom,

Whatever in the nature of Jones had a tendency to vice, has been corrected by continual conversation with this good man, and by his union with the lovely and virtuous Sophia. He hath also, by reflection on his past follies, acquired a discretion and prudence very uncommon in one of his lively parts.

Characters

• Tom Jones (a bastard and ward of Mr Allworthy)
• Mr Allworthy (a wealthy squire with an estate in Somersetshire)
• Ms Bridget Allworthy/Mrs Blifil (Mr Allworthy's sister)
• Master Blifil (Captain and Mrs Blifil's son)
• Mr Partridge (a teacher)
• Jenny Jones (the Partridge's servant)
• Black George Seagrim (a gamekeeper)
• Molly Seagrim (Black George's second daughter)
• Mr. Thwackum (a cleric)
• Mr. Square (a philosopher)
• Squire Western (a hunting man)
• Sophia Western (the Squire's only daughter)
• Mrs Honour (Sophia's maid)
• Mrs Harriet Fairfax (ward of Mrs Western and wife of Fairfax, an Irishman)
• Mrs. Western (the Squire's unmarried sister).
• Mr Dowling (an attorney)
• Lady Bellaston (Tom's lover and a leading figure in London society)
• Mr Nightingale (a young gentleman of leisure)
• Lord Fellamar (a peer and socialite)
• Mrs Miller and her two daughters, Nancy (later Mrs Nightingale) and Betty

Literary Analysis

As Doreen Roberts of Rutherford College, the University of Kent notes in the Introduction to the Wordsworth Classics edition of Tom Jones:

In his third and greatest novel, which was published in 1749, Fielding made a crucial contribution to the development of the novel as a unified narrative structure held together by a coherent authorial vision, and ordered by a consistent and intelligible system of values to which the characters and the actions could be referred.

Like his contemporary, Smollett, Fielding draws on a variety of literary sources. The narrative situation comes from picaresque. The narrative situation of a dispossessed young man's (Tom's) peregrinations around the country, accompanied by a faithful servant (Partridge) who acts as character-foil to him - is a feature of picaresque, as is the 'low life' material and the introduction of secondary figures who display their natures in some kind of interaction with the hero and then disappear again.

The French and English medieval and Elizabethan romance, although Fielding didn't think much of it, is also used in Tom Jones. According to Doreen Roberts, it often used the idea of a journey, but also turned on a love-plot dominated by aristocratic and idealised characters (e.g. The Faerie Queene, Sir Gawain and the Green Knight), typically involving a conflict between passion and some loftily conceived duty. Fielding also turned to comic drama to supply the model for certain localized plot-transactions, especially the Upton episode and the dénouement events in London.

Fielding also mixes some more obviously Augustan elements into this pot-pourri of literary influences - for example mock-epic elements such as various descriptions of morning or evening, several long-tailed similes, and the fisticuffs scene between Molly Seagrim and the villagers in the Somerset churchyard (c.f. Book IV, Chapter viii).

Structural coherence of the plot is as important as rhetorical according to Doreen Robers, and Fielding uses various means to achieve this. First, and most obviously, he exploits the birth-mystery of Tom to counteract the effect of episodicity. Secondly, he uses as many characters as possible in more than one role (e.g. Mr Anderson, the highwayman whom Tom helps, is Mrs Miller's cousin, who is also a trusted agent of Mr Allworthy and is thus in a position to redeem his character. However, the main unity-promoting device is the use nearly of all the secondary chacters to advance an ethos and illustrate a scheme of moral taxonomy. Fielding's moral vision operates for example between the moral poralities of appearance and reality, action (what one sees) and motive (what one deduces), reasoned principle and instinct, prudence and impulsiveness, and suspicion and trust.

Fielding also takes the opportunity at the beginning of each book to discourse on some general moral or social issue, and then proceeds to a narrative situation in which the issue is concretised, or he refers his reader back by implication to some past action to which it is pertinent. The Man of the Hill episode, for example, illustrates that habitual suspiciousness and unforgivingness can sometimes be a position arrived at as a result of bitter experience, but in Book XI, Fielding points out that it almost 'always proceeds from a bad heart' (Chapter x, p. 432).

Doreen Roberts concludes that:

Few novels, indeed, have aroused such stark and abiding evaluative disagreements as 'Tom Jones'. From the first, what some readers hailed as a refreshingly broad-spirited tolerance was denounced by others, like Richardson, as moral coarseness and special pleading. Coleridge's admiration for the book's plot (shared by Smollett and Thackeray) as one of the three most perfect in literature ... was the reverse of Dr Johnson's or Frank Kermode's dismissal of it as clockwork. The chatty asides and prefatory discourses which charmed Empson were so disliked by Somerset Maughm that his own edition of 'Tom Jones' simply left the latter out. The omnipresent controlling narrator who fascinated Gide with his artiness and warmed Battestin with his genial wisdom struck Ford Maddox Ford as boringly and clumsily intrusive.

[this reviewer agrees with Somerset Maughm and Ford Maddox Ford!].

Film, TV or theatrical adaptations

1963 saw the release of Tom Jones, an uproarious and unconventional film directed by Tony Richardson and starring Albert Finney as Tom. The book was also twice used as the basis for an opera, once by François-André Philidor in 1765 and again by Edward German in 1907. See: Tom Jones (opera). A BBC adaptation was broadcast in 1997 with Max Beesley in the title role, dramatised from the novel by Simon Burke.

Release details

• 1749, UK, A Millar (ISBN NA), Pub date 28 February 1749 (First edition)
• 1809, UK, J.Walker, Paternoster Row and J.Harris, St. Paul's Church Yard, London (ISBN NA), Two Volumes, Pub date 1809, hardback
• 1950, UK, Modern Library (ISBN NA), Pub date ? ? 1950, hardback
• 1973, UK, William Collins (ISBN 978-0004235295), Pub date ? February 1973, hardback
• 1992, UK, Wordsworth Editions (ISBN 978-1853260216), Pub date ? May 1992, paperback
• 1998, USA, Phoenix Press (ISBN 978-0460878333), Pub date 2 February 1998, paperback
• 2002, USA, Random House (Modern Library) (ISBN 978-0812966077), Pub date 30 September 2002, paperback
• 2005, UK, Penguin Books (ISBN 978-0140436228), Pub date 28 April 2005, paperback

Bibliography

• Wordsworth Classics Tom Jones (1992), with an Introduction and Notes by Doreen Roberts, Rutherford College, University of Kent, Canterbury (1999) ISBN 1 85326 021 5
• Battestin, Martin. The Providence of Wit: Aspects of Form in Augustan Literature and the Arts. Oxford: Clarendon, 1974.
• Hunter, J. Paul. Before Novels: The Cultural Contextx of Eighteenth-Century English Fiction. New York: W.W. Norton and Co., 1990.
• McKeon, Michael. The Origins of the English Novel, 1600-1740. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1987.
• Paulson, Ronald. Satire and the Novel in the Eighteenth Century. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1967.
• Richetti, John. "Representing an Under Class: Servants and Prolatarians in Fielding and Smollett." The New Eighteenth Century: Theory, Politics, English Literature. Eds. Felicity Nussbaum and Laura Brown. London: Routledge, 1987.
• Richetti, John. "The Old Order and the New Novel of the Mid-Eighteenth Century: Narrative Authority in Fielding and Smollett." Eighteenth-Century Fiction 2 (1990): 99-126.
• Smallwood, Angela J. Fielding and the Woman Question. New York: St. Martin's, 1989.
• Spacks, Patricia Meyer. Desire and Truth: Functions of Plot in Eighteenth-Century English Novels. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1990.
• Watt, Ian. The Rise of the Novel: Studies in Defoe, Richardson and Fielding. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1957.

External link

• Full text of The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling from Project Gutenberg