User:Cmonica4/sandbox

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Sperm and egg

The egg releases certain molecules that that are essential to guiding the sperm and these allow the surface of the egg to attach to the sperm's surface then the egg can absorb the sperm and fertilization begins.[1]

Norplant

In the early 1980's before Norplant was approved by FDA it was tested on women from Brazil, Bangladesh, Dominican Republic, Indonesia, and Egypt.[2]

Norplant has a long list of side effects and "like Depo-Provera, Norplant has been linked to osteoporosis, breast cancer, and cervical cancer." [3]

Norplant and Poverty

Norplant can be understood as a predecessor of other sterilization methods of the early 20th century like tubal ligation and hysterectomy and has been framed as a solution to poverty.[4] Soon after Norplant was approved by Food and Drug Administration in December 1990, an article was released by the Philadelphia Inquirer suggesting that Norplant would be a solution to "black poverty".[5][6] The Philadelphia Inquirer article overshadowed Norplant's potential for granting women reproductive autonomy and suggested the reproductive abuse of poor women. The release of the article followed many policy proposals in which Norplant was at the center.[7]
In the 1990's, poor women, especially poor women of color who would have previously been a "target for tubal ligation are now being singled out for Norplant" centered policies. Norplant appealed to liberals and conservatives "as a curative to poverty and crime and as means of curtailing welfare".[8] At least five states in the early 1990's, including Louisiana and Ohio proposed financial incentives to women who receive public aid to use Norplant.[9] None of these policy proposals have been enacted but these proposals demonstrate that the idea to impose Norplant on poor women's bodies is "alive and well." However, in the early 1990's all states made Norplant available to poor women through Medicaid and some states like Tennessee enacted a law in 1993 that required anyone who receives public assistance be informed in paper of that state's offer of free Norplant.[10] As a result, most of the women in the United States who used Norplant are Medicaid recipients. The rationality was that "since reproduction by the poor perpetuates poverty and other social ills, policies designed to reduce fertility are an efficient means of at once reducing poverty and cutting welfare costs."[11]
Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC) which was replaced in 1996 by Temporary Assistance to Needy Families(TANF) is the federal program that provides most of the public assistance to poor families. Myths and stereotypes of welfare recipients is what justify Norplant's introduction into welfare policies.[12] Despite the small percentage of the federal budget Aid to Families with Dependent Children represented (less than 1 percent in 1994) policymakers and political pundits believed that there was excessive spending on poor families and Norplant the solution.[13][14] That percentage of the federal budget allocated to public assistance or Temporary Assistance to Needy Families decreased to a mere 0.7 percent of the federal budget in 2008.[15]

Norplant use in the judiciary

Since its approval by the Food and Drug Administration in December 1990, Norplant has been used in at least two state courts where the judge orders the implantation of Norplant as a condition of probation for women convicted of child abuse, child neglect, drug possessions, drug abuse and drug sale. --Ordover, human rights, SAriniavas. On January 2, 1991 in the Tulare County of California Judge Howard Broadman convicted Darlene Johnson to child abuse and sentenced her to one year in prison and four years of probation on the condition of using Norplant for three years of her probation. It was either four years in prison or to accept Norplant and probation.

Depo-Provera

Since its development starting in 1966, depo-provera has been "linked to cervical cancer, breast cancer (especially among younger women), and liver cancer, as well as long-term sterility (one study found that it took an average of thirteen months from the date of a woman's last injection for fertility to return). This list grew to include osteoporosis, endometrial cancer, prolonged menstrual bleeding (lasting weeks at a time and putting women at risk of pelvic inflammatory disease), weight gain, severe--even suicidal--depression, loss of libido, abdominal pains dizziness, headaches, hair loss, fatigue, nervousness, nausea, and potential hazards to breast-fed infants." [16]

References

[17]

[18]

[19] http://www.jstor.org/stable/27879774

[20] http://www.jstor.org/stable/4398658

[21]

[22]

  1. ^ Freedman, David H. (1992). “The Aggressive Egg”in DISCOVER. Biology & Medicine.
  2. ^ Ordover, Nancy (2003). “New Technologies, Old Politics: Norplant and Beyond,” from America Eugenics: Race, Queer Anatomy, and the Science of Nationalism. 179-201 and Notes: University of Minnesota Press.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location (link)
  3. ^ Ordover, Nancy (2003). “New Technologies, Old Politics: Norplant and Beyond,” from America Eugenics: Race, Queer Anatomy, and the Science of Nationalism. 179-201 and Notes: University of Minnesota Press.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location (link)
  4. ^ Ordover, Nancy (2003). “New Technologies, Old Politics: Norplant and Beyond,” from America Eugenics: Race, Queer Anatomy, and the Science of Nationalism. 179-201 and Notes: University of Minnesota Press.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location (link)
  5. ^ Template:Cite article
  6. ^ Template:Cite article
  7. ^ Roberts, Dorothy (1997). Killing the Black Body: Race, Reproduction, and the Meaning of Liberty. Chapter 3: Pantheon Books.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location (link)
  8. ^ Ordover, Nancy (2003). “New Technologies, Old Politics: Norplant and Beyond,” from America Eugenics: Race, Queer Anatomy, and the Science of Nationalism. 179-201 and Notes: University of Minnesota Press.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location (link)
  9. ^ Template:Cite article
  10. ^ Roberts, Dorothy (1997). Killing the Black Body: Race, Reproduction, and the Meaning of Liberty. Chapter 3: Pantheon Books.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location (link)
  11. ^ Roberts, Dorothy (1997). Killing the Black Body: Race, Reproduction, and the Meaning of Liberty. Chapter 3: Pantheon Books.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location (link)
  12. ^ Roberts, Dorothy (1997). Killing the Black Body: Race, Reproduction, and the Meaning of Liberty. Chapter 3: Pantheon Books.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location (link)
  13. ^ Smith, Anna Marie (2007). Welfare Reform and Sexual Regulation. Cambridge University Presss. pp. 85–117.
  14. ^ Roberts, Dorothy (1997). Killing the Black Body: Race, Reproduction, and the Meaning of Liberty. Chapter 3: Pantheon Books.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location (link)
  15. ^ Matthews, Dylan (9 December, 2010). "Research Desk Tallies: How expensive is welfare?". The Washington Post. London. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  16. ^ Ordover, Nancy (2003). “New Technologies, Old Politics: Norplant and Beyond,” from America Eugenics: Race, Queer Anatomy, and the Science of Nationalism. 179-201 and Notes: University of Minnesota Press.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location (link)
  17. ^ Template:Cite article
  18. ^ Roberts, Dorothy (1997). Killing the Black Body: Race, Reproduction, and the Meaning of Liberty. Chapter 3: Pantheon Books.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location (link)
  19. ^ Template:Cite article
  20. ^ Template:Cite article
  21. ^ Smith, Anna Marie (2007). Welfare Reform and Sexual Regulation. Cambridge University Presss. pp. 85–117.
  22. ^ Matthews, Dylan (9 December, 2010). "Research Desk Tallies: How expensive is welfare?". The Washington Post. London. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
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