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== Adding variant "Mughal Kingdom" to the lead and fixing duration in infobox== |
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<s>I initiated a similar discussion on the above thread but unfortunately couldn't complete my very first comment. Hence doing again.</s> |
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I propose to make two changes to the article: |
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* Add the variant "Mughal Kingdom" in the lead line |
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* Change the duration in infobox from existing "1526-1857" to "1526-1761". |
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Its not factual to say that "Mughal Empire" lasted till 1857. Infact, for last of its 100 years, it functioned as a protectorate of Afghans, Marathas and British. And 100 years isn't a small duration, thats around one-third of the entire duration of Mughal rule. The noteworthy point is that mainstream tertiary source like Britannica calls "1526-1761" to be the duration of Mughal Empire.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/India/The-Mughal-Empire-1526-1761|title=The Mughal Empire, 1526 to 1761|website=Britannica}}</ref> |
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But still, I feel that the intro line needs a fix. Its clear that it couldn't continue as an "empire" throughout its journey and it gradually became a kingdom towards its end. The term "Mughal kingdom" has been used by historians. We have ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=3p81wAEACAAJ&dq=decline+of+mughal+kingdom&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjltNynvNqBAxWvUWwGHUJuDP44ChDoAXoECAIQAw Decline of Mughal Kingdom in India]'' by [[Henry George Keene]]. Also, the term "kingdom" isn't used only for its last 100 years. In Humayun's period too, it got confined to a small kingdom, as noted in this source.<ref>{{cite book|title=A Brief History of the Indian Peoples|author=William Wilson Hunter|page=134|year=1895|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=mARBAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA134&dq=akbar+small+kingdom+to+indian+empire&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwi-uqWPwdqBAxWKT2wGHUXCCy4Q6AF6BAgGEAM#v=onepage&q=akbar%20small%20kingdom%20to%20indian%20empire&|quote=His father, Humayun left but a small kingdom in India, not so large as the British province of Punjab: Akbar expanded that small kingdom into an Indian empire.}}</ref> |
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Some important quotations from other sources: |
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* Page 309 from [https://books.google.co.in/books?id=sxhAtCflwOMC&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&dq=Mughal+empire+got+reduced+to+a+small+kingdom&source=gbs_navlinks_s ''A Comprehensive History of Medieval India: Twelfth to the Mid-eighteenth Century''] by Salma Ahmed Farooqui, Pearson Education India (2011) : |
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{{talkquote|The period of the great Mughals constihutes a glorious era in medieval Indian hisory; but the empire collapsed with dramatic suddennes, within a few decades of Aurangzebs death in 1707 CE.}} |
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*Another one from the same page : |
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{{talkquote|The invasions of Nadir Shah and Ahmad Shah Abdali further weakened the empire. The once glorious Mughal Empire as now reduced to a small area around Delhi.}} |
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* Page 751-752 from [https://books.google.co.in/books?id=6GkLEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA752&dq=Mughals+symbolic+rulers+of+india&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwi1uoysydeBAxWKfWwGHTaDCQ84RhDoAXoECAIQAw#v=onepage&q&f=false ''The Oxford World History of Empire: Volume Two: The History of Empires'' (2020)] by Rajeev Kinra: |
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{{talkquote|The nascent Pashtun-Durrani Empire on India's northwest frontier, the Maratha Confederacy emanating from the western coastal region of India's Deccan Plateau, the brief rise of a state of expatriate Afghans known as Rohillas in the eastern Gangetic Plain, peasant resistance among the Jats in northern and central India, a rise in Sikh militancy in the Punjab, and the practical-if not entirely official-secession of erstwhile Mughal provinces in Hyderabad, Awadh, and Bengal: all contributed, among other factors, to the devolution of Mughal power in the first half of the eighteenth century.}} |
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* [https://books.google.co.in/books?id=_JJsDgAAQBAJ&pg=PT88&dq=mughal+empire+collapsed+within+decades+of+aurangzeb+death&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjkjfLoy9eBAxW4SWwGHdxeBXI4ChDoAXoECAYQAw#v=onepage&q=mughal%20empire%20collapsed%20within%20decades%20of%20aurangzeb%20death&f=false ''The Taj Mahal: A History (2017)''] by John David Cooper: |
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{{talkquote|Within a few decades of Aurangzeb's death, the Mughal Empire collapsed at its center, the victim of foreign invaders and its own dead weight.}} |
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From the above noted points, its clear that Mughal Empire became non-existent as an "empire" after 1761. Also, it has been referred as kingdom by authors, sometimes as a synonym of ''empire'' and sometimes due to its small size. |
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Revision as of 02:35, 31 October 2023
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Adding variant "Mughal Kingdom" to the lead and fixing duration in infobox
I initiated a similar discussion on the above thread but unfortunately couldn't complete my very first comment. Hence doing again.
I propose to make two changes to the article:
- Add the variant "Mughal Kingdom" in the lead line
- Change the duration in infobox from existing "1526-1857" to "1526-1761".
Its not factual to say that "Mughal Empire" lasted till 1857. Infact, for last of its 100 years, it functioned as a protectorate of Afghans, Marathas and British. And 100 years isn't a small duration, thats around one-third of the entire duration of Mughal rule. The noteworthy point is that mainstream tertiary source like Britannica calls "1526-1761" to be the duration of Mughal Empire.[1]
But still, I feel that the intro line needs a fix. Its clear that it couldn't continue as an "empire" throughout its journey and it gradually became a kingdom towards its end. The term "Mughal kingdom" has been used by historians. We have Decline of Mughal Kingdom in India by Henry George Keene. Also, the term "kingdom" isn't used only for its last 100 years. In Humayun's period too, it got confined to a small kingdom, as noted in this source.[2]
Some important quotations from other sources:
- Page 309 from A Comprehensive History of Medieval India: Twelfth to the Mid-eighteenth Century by Salma Ahmed Farooqui, Pearson Education India (2011) :
The period of the great Mughals constihutes a glorious era in medieval Indian hisory; but the empire collapsed with dramatic suddennes, within a few decades of Aurangzebs death in 1707 CE.
- Another one from the same page :
The invasions of Nadir Shah and Ahmad Shah Abdali further weakened the empire. The once glorious Mughal Empire as now reduced to a small area around Delhi.
- Page 751-752 from The Oxford World History of Empire: Volume Two: The History of Empires (2020) by Rajeev Kinra:
The nascent Pashtun-Durrani Empire on India's northwest frontier, the Maratha Confederacy emanating from the western coastal region of India's Deccan Plateau, the brief rise of a state of expatriate Afghans known as Rohillas in the eastern Gangetic Plain, peasant resistance among the Jats in northern and central India, a rise in Sikh militancy in the Punjab, and the practical-if not entirely official-secession of erstwhile Mughal provinces in Hyderabad, Awadh, and Bengal: all contributed, among other factors, to the devolution of Mughal power in the first half of the eighteenth century.
- The Taj Mahal: A History (2017) by John David Cooper:
Within a few decades of Aurangzeb's death, the Mughal Empire collapsed at its center, the victim of foreign invaders and its own dead weight.
From the above noted points, its clear that Mughal Empire became non-existent as an "empire" after 1761. Also, it has been referred as kingdom by authors, sometimes as a synonym of empire and sometimes due to its small size.
References
- ^ "The Mughal Empire, 1526 to 1761". Britannica.
- ^ William Wilson Hunter (1895). A Brief History of the Indian Peoples. p. 134.
His father, Humayun left but a small kingdom in India, not so large as the British province of Punjab: Akbar expanded that small kingdom into an Indian empire.