Zheleznovodsk Communiqué: Difference between revisions
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The '''Zheleznovodsk Communiqué''', also known as the '''Zheleznovodsk Declaration''' or '''Zheleznovodsk Accords''', is the joint peace [[communiqué]] mediated by Russian President, [[Boris Yeltsin]] and [[Kazakhstan]] President, [[Nursultan Nazarbayev]] in [[Zheleznovodsk]], [[Russia]] on September 23, 1991 with an intention to end |
The '''Zheleznovodsk Communiqué''', also known as the '''Zheleznovodsk Declaration''' or '''Zheleznovodsk Accords''', is the joint peace [[communiqué]] mediated by Russian President, [[Boris Yeltsin]] and [[Kazakhstan]] President, [[Nursultan Nazarbayev]] in [[Zheleznovodsk]], [[Russia]] on September 23, 1991 with an intention to end 4 year long hostilities between Armenia and Azerbaijan over [[Nagorno-Karabakh]] region of Azerbaijan.<ref name=Ulster>{{cite web|url=http://www.peaceagreements.ulster.ac.uk/cgi-bin/Agreements/agree.pl?full=617"|title= The Transitional Justice Peace Agreements Database. Record 617 |date=|accessdate=April 14, 2010}}</ref> Although consensus was reached, the treaty was never ratified. |
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==Background== |
==Background== |
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The [[Nagorno-Karabakh conflict]] over [[Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast]] of Azerbaijan which started in late 1987<ref name=BBC>{{ru icon}}{{cite news | url= http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/russian/news/newsid_3681000/3681079.stm | title= Карабах: хронология конфликта | trans_title= Karabakh: Chronology of the conflict | publisher= [[BBC News]] | author = | date=2005-08-29| accessdate=2010-04-14}}</ref> with exodus of ethnic Azerbaijanis from Armenia has developed unmitigated and claimed lives of many civilians, interior troops and army. |
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An [[autonomous oblast]] during the [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] era under the jurisdiction of the [[Azerbaijan SSR|Azerbaijan Soviet republic]], the [[Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast]], whose population was predominantly Armenian, expressed its desire to unite with Armenia in February 1988, a move that was staunchly opposed by the Soviet Azerbaijani authorities.<ref>{{cite book |
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| last = Kaufman |
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| first = Stuart |
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| title = Modern Hatreds: The Symbolic Politics of Ethnic War |
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| publisher = Cornell Studies in Security Affairs |
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| year = 2001 |
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| location = New York |
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| page= 61 |
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| isbn = 0-8014-8736-6}}</ref> |
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==Mediating mission== |
==Mediating mission== |
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With consent from the Azerbaijani and Armenian sides, Boris Yeltsin and Nursultan Nazarbayev led a mediating mission on September 20-23 visiting [[Baku]], [[Ganja]], [[Stepanakert]] and [[Yerevan]]. Taking the principles of [[territorial integrity]], non-interference in internal affairs of sovereign states, observance of civil rights as the starting point, |
With consent from the Azerbaijani and Armenian sides, Boris Yeltsin and Nursultan Nazarbayev led a mediating mission on September 20-23 visiting [[Baku]], [[Ganja]], [[Stepanakert]] (Khankendi) and [[Yerevan]]. Taking the principles of [[territorial integrity]], non-interference in internal affairs of sovereign states, observance of civil rights as the starting point, breakthrough was achieved on September 22 when Armenia renounced all its claims to Azerbaijani territory.<ref>{{cite news | url= http://www.nytimes.com/1991/09/23/world/armenia-yielding-claim-on-enclave.html?scp=1&sq=Armenia%20Yielding%20Claim%20on%20Enclave&st=cse | title= ARMENIA YIELDING CLAIM ON ENCLAVE | publisher= [[The New York Times]] | author = Bill Keller | date=1991-09-23 | accessdate=2010-04-14}}</ref> This allowed the parties to agree to a joint communique the next day, committing both sides to disarm and withdraw militias, allow return of [[refugee]]s and [[IDP]]s, re-establish Soviet-era administrative order of the Nagorno-Karabakh [[oblast]] and set up delegations to find a peaceful solution to the conflict. [[Soviet army]] and internal troops would still remain in the conflict zone and the process would be supervised by Russian and Kazakh officials. The peace communiqué was discussed with participation of Y. Shaposhnikov,V.Barannikov, S. Voskanyan, M. Gezalov, V. Dzhafarov, [[Robert Kocharian|R. Kocharian]], L. Petrosian, M. Radayev and was signed by [[Boris Yeltsin]] (Russian Federation), [[Ayaz Mutalibov]] (Azerbaijan), [[Nursultan Nazarbayev]] (Kazakhstan)and [[Levon Ter-Petrosian]] (Armenia).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.c-r.org/our-work/accord/nagorny-karabakh/keytexts6.php|title= Zheleznovodsk Declaration |date= September 23, 1991 |accessdate=April 14, 2010}}</ref> |
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| ⚫ | The peace efforts came to a halt |
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| ⚫ | The peace efforts came to a halt during [[1991 Azerbaijani MI-8 helicopter shootdown|the crash of Azerbaijani MI-8]] helicopter with Russian, Kazakh observers and Azerbaijani high-ranking state officials on-board when it was shot down by Armenians over [[Karakend]] village of [[Khojavend Rayon|Khojavend district]]<ref>{{cite book |title=Stopping Wars and Making Peace: Studies in International Intervention |last1=Eichensehr |first1=Kristen |last2=Reisman |first2=W.Michael |authorlink= |coauthors= |year=1998 |publisher=Martinus Nijhoff Publishers |location= Leiden, The Netherlands|isbn= 978-90-04-17855-7 |page=54 |pages= |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=tjcSb5Yw2_UC&pg=PA55&dq=November+20+Azerbaijan+helicopter&hl=en&ei=Ak-6S6C1KoWKlweHo4SWCg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=3&ved=0CEgQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&q&f=false |accessdate= April 14, 2010}}</ref> |
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==See also== |
==See also== |
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Revision as of 14:07, 15 April 2010
| Zheleznovodsk Communiqué | |
|---|---|
| Created | September 23, 1991 |
| Signatories | Boris Yeltsin, Ayaz Mutalibov, Nursultan Nazarbayev, Levon Ter-Petrosian |
| Purpose | Peace agreement between Armenia and Azerbaijan |
The Zheleznovodsk Communiqué, also known as the Zheleznovodsk Declaration or Zheleznovodsk Accords, is the joint peace communiqué mediated by Russian President, Boris Yeltsin and Kazakhstan President, Nursultan Nazarbayev in Zheleznovodsk, Russia on September 23, 1991 with an intention to end 4 year long hostilities between Armenia and Azerbaijan over Nagorno-Karabakh region of Azerbaijan.[1] Although consensus was reached, the treaty was never ratified.
Background
The Nagorno-Karabakh conflict over Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast of Azerbaijan which started in late 1987[2] with exodus of ethnic Azerbaijanis from Armenia has developed unmitigated and claimed lives of many civilians, interior troops and army.
Mediating mission
With consent from the Azerbaijani and Armenian sides, Boris Yeltsin and Nursultan Nazarbayev led a mediating mission on September 20-23 visiting Baku, Ganja, Stepanakert (Khankendi) and Yerevan. Taking the principles of territorial integrity, non-interference in internal affairs of sovereign states, observance of civil rights as the starting point, breakthrough was achieved on September 22 when Armenia renounced all its claims to Azerbaijani territory.[3] This allowed the parties to agree to a joint communique the next day, committing both sides to disarm and withdraw militias, allow return of refugees and IDPs, re-establish Soviet-era administrative order of the Nagorno-Karabakh oblast and set up delegations to find a peaceful solution to the conflict. Soviet army and internal troops would still remain in the conflict zone and the process would be supervised by Russian and Kazakh officials. The peace communiqué was discussed with participation of Y. Shaposhnikov,V.Barannikov, S. Voskanyan, M. Gezalov, V. Dzhafarov, R. Kocharian, L. Petrosian, M. Radayev and was signed by Boris Yeltsin (Russian Federation), Ayaz Mutalibov (Azerbaijan), Nursultan Nazarbayev (Kazakhstan)and Levon Ter-Petrosian (Armenia).[4]
The peace efforts came to a halt during the crash of Azerbaijani MI-8 helicopter with Russian, Kazakh observers and Azerbaijani high-ranking state officials on-board when it was shot down by Armenians over Karakend village of Khojavend district[5]
See also
References
- ^ " "The Transitional Justice Peace Agreements Database. Record 617". Retrieved April 14, 2010.
- ^ Template:Ru icon"Карабах: хронология конфликта". BBC News. 2005-08-29. Retrieved 2010-04-14.
{{cite news}}: Unknown parameter|trans_title=ignored (|trans-title=suggested) (help) - ^ Bill Keller (1991-09-23). "ARMENIA YIELDING CLAIM ON ENCLAVE". The New York Times. Retrieved 2010-04-14.
- ^ "Zheleznovodsk Declaration". September 23, 1991. Retrieved April 14, 2010.
- ^ Eichensehr, Kristen; Reisman, W.Michael (1998). Stopping Wars and Making Peace: Studies in International Intervention. Leiden, The Netherlands: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. p. 54. ISBN 978-90-04-17855-7. Retrieved April 14, 2010.
{{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter:|coauthors=(help)
External links
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