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47 Tucanae

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47 Tucanae
After Omega Centauri, 47 Tucanae is the brightest globular cluster in the night sky.[1]
Observation data (J2000 epoch)
ClassIII[2]
ConstellationTucana
Right ascension00h 24m 05.67s[3]
Declination–72° 04′ 52.6″[3]
Distance16.70 ± 0.85 kly (5.1 ± 0.26 kpc)[4]
Apparent magnitude (V)+4.91[3]
Apparent dimensions (V)30′.9
Physical characteristics
Mass7.00×105[5] M☉
Radius60 ly[6]
VHB14.2
Metallicity = –0.78[7] dex
Estimated age13.06 Gyr[7]
Notable features2nd brightest globular cluster after Omega Centauri
Other designationsξ Tuc, NGC 104, GCl 1[3] 1RXS J002404.6-720456
See also: Globular cluster, List of globular clusters

47 Tucanae (also known as NGC 104 and Caldwell 106) is a globular cluster located in the constellation Tucana. It is about 16,700 light years away from Earth, and 120 light years across. It can be seen with the naked eye, with a visual apparent magnitude of 4.9. Its number comes not from the Flamsteed catalogue, but the more obscure 1801 "Allgemeine Beschreibung und Nachweisung der Gestirne nebst Verzeichniss" compiled by Johann Elert Bode.

Characteristics

47 Tucanae is the second brightest globular cluster in the sky (after Omega Centauri), and is noted for having a very bright and dense core. It is one of the most massive globular clusters in the Galaxy, containing millions of stars. The cluster appears roughly the size of the full moon in the sky under ideal conditions. Though it appears adjacent to the Small Magellanic Cloud, the latter is some 210,000 light-years distant, over 10 times farther away.

The core of 47 Tucanae was the subject of a major survey for planets, using the Hubble Space Telescope to look for partial eclipses of stars by their planets. No planets were found, though 10-15 were expected based on the rate of planet discoveries around stars near the Sun. This indicates that planets are relatively rare in globular clusters.[8] A later ground-based survey in the uncrowded outer regions of the cluster also failed to detect planets when several were expected. This strongly indicates that the low metallicity of the environment, rather than the crowding, is responsible.

47 Tucanae's dense core contains a number of exotic stars of scientific interest. Globular clusters efficiently sort stars by mass, with the most massive stars falling to the center.[9] 47 Tucanae contains at least 21 blue stragglers near its core.[10] It also contains hundreds of X-ray sources, including stars with enhanced chromospheric activity due to their presence in binary star systems, cataclysmic variable stars containing white dwarfs accreting from companion stars, and low-mass X-ray binaries containing neutron stars that are not currently accreting, but can be observed by the X-rays emitted from the hot surface of the neutron star.[11] 47 Tucanae has 25 known[12] millisecond pulsars, the second largest population of pulsars in any globular cluster.[13] These pulsars are thought to be spun up by the accretion of material from binary companion stars, in a previous X-ray binary phase. The companion of one pulsar in 47 Tucanae, 47 Tucanae W, seems to still be transferring mass towards the neutron star, indicating that this system is completing a transition from being an accreting low-mass X-ray binary to a millisecond pulsar.[14] X-ray emission has been individually detected from most millisecond pulsars in 47 Tucanae with the Chandra X-ray Observatory, likely emission from the neutron star surface,[15] and gamma-ray emission has been detected with the Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope from its millisecond pulsar population (making 47 Tucanae the first globular cluster to be detected in gamma-rays).[16]

There is no evidence yet for the existence of any black holes in 47 Tucanae; Hubble Space Telescope data provides the strongest constraint on the mass of any possible black hole at its center, less than 1,500 times the mass of the Sun.[17]

History

47 Tucanae was discovered by Nicolas Louis de Lacaille in 1751, who thought it was the nucleus of a bright comet.[18] Its southern location had hidden it from European observers until then.

In December 2008, Ragbir Bhathal of the University of Western Sydney claimed the detection of a strong laser-like signal from the direction of 47 Tucanae.[19]

In May 2015, the first observations of the process of mass segregation in this globular cluster were announced.[20]

  • Evidence of multiple stellar populations[21]
    Evidence of multiple stellar populations[21]
  • Globular Cluster 47 Tuc. Credit ESO
    Globular Cluster 47 Tuc. Credit ESO
  • Sequence pans across a wide view of the region surrounding the SMC.

References

  1. ^ "Retirement in the suburbs". Retrieved 12 June 2015.
  2. ^ Shapley, Harlow; Sawyer, Helen B. (August 1927), "A Classification of Globular Clusters", Harvard College Observatory Bulletin (849): 11–14, Bibcode:1927BHarO.849...11S.
  3. ^ a b c d "SIMBAD Astronomical Database". Results for NGC 104. Retrieved 2006-11-17.
  4. ^ "Distances, Ages, and Epoch of Formation of Globular Clusters". The Astrophysical Journal. arXiv:astro-ph/9902086. Bibcode:2000ApJ...533..215C. doi:10.1086/308629. Retrieved 2008-11-12.
  5. ^ Marks, Michael; Kroupa, Pavel (August 2010), "Initial conditions for globular clusters and assembly of the old globular cluster population of the Milky Way", Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 406 (3): 2000–2012, arXiv:1004.2255, Bibcode:2010MNRAS.406.2000M, doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2010.16813.x. Mass is from MPD on Table 1.
  6. ^ distance × sin( diameter_angle / 2 ) = 60 ly. radius
  7. ^ a b Forbes, Duncan A.; Bridges, Terry (May 2010), "Accreted versus in situ Milky Way globular clusters", Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 404 (3): 1203–1214, arXiv:1001.4289, Bibcode:2010MNRAS.404.1203F, doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2010.16373.x.
  8. ^ "A Shortage of Planets". Retrieved 16 November 2010.
  9. ^ Bryner, Jeanna. "Mass Migration: How Stars Move in Crowd". Retrieved 14 November 2010.
  10. ^ "NASA's Hubble Space Telescope Finds "Blue Straggler" Stars in the Core of a Globular Cluster". Hubble News Desk. 1991-07-24. Retrieved 2006-05-24.
  11. ^ Grindlay, Jonathan E.; Heinke, Craig O.; Edmonds, Peter D.; Murray, Steve S. (2001). "High-Resolution X-ray Imaging of a Globular Cluster Core: Compact Binaries in 47Tuc". Science. 292 (5525): 2290–2295. arXiv:astro-ph/0105528. Bibcode:2001Sci...292.2290G. doi:10.1126/science.1061135. PMID 11358997.
  12. ^ "The 25 millisecond radio pulsars in 47 Tucanae".
  13. ^ "Pulsars in Globular Clusters".
  14. ^ Bogdanov, Slavko; Grindlay, Jonathan E.; van den Berg, Maureen (2005). "An X-Ray Variable Millisecond Pulsar in the Globular Cluster 47 Tucanae: Closing the Link to Low-Mass X-Ray Binaries". Astrophysical Journal. 630 (2): 1029–1036. arXiv:astro-ph/0506031. Bibcode:2005ApJ...630.1029B. doi:10.1086/432249.
  15. ^ Bogdanov, Slavko; Grindlay, Jonathan E.; Heinke, Craig O.; Camilo, Fernando; Freire, Paulo C. C.; Becker, Werner (2006). "Chandra X-Ray Observations of 19 Millisecond Pulsars in the Globular Cluster 47 Tucanae". Astrophysical Journal. 646 (2): 1104–1115. arXiv:astro-ph/0604318. Bibcode:2006ApJ...646.1104B. doi:10.1086/505133.
  16. ^ Abdo, A. A.; Ackermann, M.; Ajello, M.; Atwood, W. B.; Axelsson, M.; Baldini, L.; Ballet, J.; Barbiellini, G.; Bastieri, D.; Baughman, B. M.; Bechtol, K.; Bellazzini, R.; Berenji, B.; Blandford, R. D.; Bloom, E. D.; Bonamente, E.; Borgland, A. W.; Bregeon, J.; Brez, A.; Brigida, M.; Bruel, P.; Burnett, T. H.; Caliandro, G. A.; Cameron, R. A.; Caraveo, P. A.; Casandjian, J. M.; Cecchi, C.; Celik, O.; Charles, E.; Chaty, S. (2009). "Detection of High-Energy Gamma-Ray Emission from the Globular Cluster 47 Tucanae with Fermi". Science. 325 (5942): 845–848. Bibcode:2009Sci...325..845A. doi:10.1126/science.1177023. PMID 19679807.
  17. ^ McLaughlin, Dean E.; Anderson, Jay; Meylan, Georges; Gebhardt, Karl; Pryor, Carlton; Minniti, Dante; Phinney, Sterl (2006). "Hubble Space Telescope Proper Motions and Stellar Dynamics in the Core of the Globular Cluster 47 Tucanae". Astrophysical Journal Supplement. 166 (1): 249–297. arXiv:astro-ph/0607597. Bibcode:2006ApJS..166..249M. doi:10.1086/505692.
  18. ^ O'Meara, Stephen James (2013). Deep-Sky Companions: Southern Gems. Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press. pp. 16–17. ISBN 9781107015012.
  19. ^ "The Australian Optical SETI Project" (PDF).
  20. ^ "Hubble Catches Stellar Exodus in Action". Space Daily. 18 May 2015.
  21. ^ "Hubble finds evidence of multiple stellar populations in globular cluster 47 Tucanae". Image Gallery. ESA/Hubble. Retrieved 15 August 2013.
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