James Stewart, 5th High Steward of Scotland
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James Stewart | |
|---|---|
| 5th High Steward of Scotland | |
 Coat of arms of the High Stewart of Scotland: Or, a fess chequy argent and azure | |
| Born | c. 1260 |
| Died | 16 July 1309 |
| Noble family | Stewart |
| Father | Alexander Stewart, 4th High Steward of Scotland |
James Stewart (c.1260 - 16 July 1309) was the 5th Hereditary High Steward of Scotland and a Guardian of Scotland during the First Interregnum.
Origins
He was the eldest surviving son of Alexander Stewart, 4th High Steward of Scotland (d.1283), by his wife of unknown identity.[1] The date of his birth is not known and some sources have placed it, on no good evidence, as early as 1243. This is now thought to be unlikely, for the following reasons. Firstly, James's father is known to have planned a pilgrimage to the shrine of Saint James of Compostella in 1252 or after, so that James would probably have been born after this, and named in honour of that saint. Secondly, James's Christian name was an unusual one, then uncommon in Scotland and not a traditional name in the Stewart family where Walter and Alan were favoured. It is therefore quite possible that he was not Alexander's eldest son, but rather the eldest surviving son. For these reasons, and also the fact of his son and successor Walter Stewart, 6th High Steward of Scotland being described in about 1314 as a "beardless lad" by John Barbour in his poem The Brus, it is proposed that James was born in about 1260.[2]
Career
In 1286 James was chosen as one of the six Guardians of Scotland. He subsequently submitted to King Edward I of England on 9 July 1297 and was one of the auditors for the competitor, Robert Bruce, 5th Lord of Annandale. However, during the Wars of Scottish Independence he joined Sir William Wallace. After Wallace's defeat at the Battle of Falkirk in 1298, he gave his support[citation needed] to Robert Bruce, later King Robert I of Scotland, grandson of the competitor.
In 1302, with six other ambassadors including John Comyn, Earl of Buchan, he was sent to solicit the aid of the French king against King Edward, to whom he was once again compelled to swear fealty at Lanercost Priory on 23 October 1306. To render his oath inviolable, it was taken upon the two crosses of Scotland most esteemed for their sanctity, on the consecrated host, the holy gospels and on various relics of saints and he agreed to submit to instant excommunication if he should break his allegiance to Edward. However, convinced that his faith was primarily to his country in spite of all, he once again took up the Scottish patriotic cause and died in the service of Robert the Bruce in 1309.[3]
Marriages and issue
He married several times:
- Firstly to Cecilia, a daughter of Patrick, Earl of Dunbar (died 1289);
- Secondly, apparently to Muriel (born 1244), a daughter of Malise, Earl of Strathearn (died 1271);
- Thirdly to Egidia, a daughter of the Irish nobleman Walter de Burgh, 1st Earl of Ulster (died 1271),[1] by whom he had issue:[4]
- Walter Stewart, 6th High Steward of Scotland (1293–1326), eldest surviving son and heir, who married Marjorie Bruce, daughter of King Robert I;:[5]
- Egidia Stewart, who married Sir Alexander de Menzies, of Durisdeer.[5]
His other issue, by wives uncertain, include:
- Sir John Stewart (before 1268 – 1318), killed 14 October 1318 at the Battle of Dundalk.[5] He followed his father as a signatory of the Turnberry Band on 20 September 1286, so may be his son by Cecilia since her father and brother were also signatories.
- Sir Andrew Stewart,[6] a "younger son", who married the daughter of James Bethe (or Beith) and was decorated with a military sword-belt by King John II (1350-1364) of France;[7][8]
- Sir James Stewart of Durisdeer, in 1327 the tutor to his nephew the future King Robert II of Scotland;[5]
Notes
- ^ a b MacEwen, ABW (2011). "The Wives of Sir James the Steward (d.1309)". Foundations. 3 (5): 391–398.
- ^ Barrow, G. W. S.; Royan, Ann (1985), "James, Fifth Stewart of Scotland, 1260(?)–1309", in Stringer, Keith (ed.), Essays on the Nobility of Medieval Scotland, Edinburgh: John Donald, pp. 166–167, ISBN 1-904607-45-4.
- ^ Anderson, William, The Scottish Nation, Edinburgh, 1867, vol.ix, p.513.
- ^ Cal.Doc Scot. vol ii, no 847
- ^ a b c d Simpson, David, The Genealogical and Chronological History of the Stuarts, Edinburgh, 1713
- ^ Burke, Messrs., John and John Bernard, The Royal Families of England Scotland and Wales, with Their Descendants, London, 1851, volume 2, page xlvi.
- ^ Clay, John W., FSA., editor, The Visitation of Cambridge, 1575 and 1619 by Henery St.George, Richmond Herald, Harleian Society, London, 1897, pps: 7 - 11, where he is described thus: "Andreas Stuard filius capit in uxorem filiam Jacobi Bethe et a Johanne Francor' Rege militario ringulo condecoratus est"; translation reads: Andrew Stewart younger son, married the daughter of James Bethe (Beith) and was decorated with a military sword-belt by John (II), King of France ('The Good', reigned 1350-1364).
- ^ East Anglian Stewarts by G.M.S.Lauder-Frost, FSA Scot., in The Scottish Genealogist, vol.LI, no.4, December 2004, pps:151-161, ISSN 0300-337X