Georg Alexander von Müller
Georg Alexander von Müller | |
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Born | Chemnitz, Kingdom of Saxony | 24 March 1854
Died | 18 April 1940 Hangelsberg | (aged 86)
Allegiance | ![]() |
Service/ | ![]() |
Years of service | 1871–1919 |
Rank | Admiral |
Commands | Chief of the German Imperial Naval Cabinet |
Battles/wars | World War I |
Awards | Pour le Mérite |
Georg Alexander von Müller (24 March 1854 – 18 April 1940) was an Admiral of the Imperial German Navy and a close friend of the Kaiser in the run up to the First World War.
Career
Müller grew up in Sweden, where his father worked as a professor of agriculture.
He joined the Imperial Navy in 1871 and served in many different positions, including commander of a gunboat in East Asia and then officer on the staff of Prince Heinrich of Prussia. He was Adjutant from 1904 to Kaiser Wilhelm II. He was named to the Prussian nobility (Adelstitel) in 1900. In 1906, he succeeded Gustav von Senden-Bibran as Chief of the German Imperial Naval Cabinet and served until the end of the German Empire in 1918. As chief of the Naval Cabinet, he dealt with not only with technical issues but also the Court and many politicians. By the start of the First World War, he had become an ally of Chancellor Theobald von Bethmann-Hollweg in his attempts to control and moderate the Kaiser's actions.[1]
As one of the Kaiser's principal military decisionmakers before to the First World War, he was mostly pro-war. During the October 1911 Second Moroccan Crisis, he told the Kaiser that "there are worse things than war". He saw a coming racial war in which the German race must be upheld against the Slavic and Roman races.[2]
He was serving in that position at the start of the First World War. On 30 August, the Kaiser named his brother Grossadmiral Prince Heinrich of Prussia as commander of the Baltic Sea Squadron (Oberfelshaber der Ostseestreikräfte). Müller advised against that as the Prince had held the largely-ceremonial post of Navy Inspector General and was not really qualified. The Kaiser agreed but saw the Baltic theatre as not critical and intended to give his brother a capable staff. Only a few days later, Müller objected the mining by Heinrich’s forces on 5 August of an area of Danish territorial waters, thus threatening Danish neutrality. Finally, after it was reported that Heinrich had lost his nerve at the prospect of battle with the Russians, other arrangements were made on 9 October 1914 to keep him from commanding any important actions.[3]
Once war was declared with the United Kingdom in the early days of August 1914, Müller agreed with the Kaiser for only a limited guerrilla war against Britain, with no use of capital ships to allow a negotiated peace once France and Russia had been defeated.[4]
As the war progressed and the Kaiser withdrew into a sheltered life at Imperial Headquarters in an atmosphere of "fear of the world and flight from reality", Müller worked with Generaloberst Moriz von Lyncker at great lengths to persuade the Kaiser to spend more time on the business of the government in Berlin. Lyncker and Müller had long realised Wilhelm II’s lack of effective leadership, but hoped to protect the institution of the monarchy from a revolution in Germany and to prevent reforms that would turn Germany into a constitutional monarchy because Germany's greatness rested on its semi-absolutist constitution and royal prerogative. For them, the Kaiser had to fulfill his symbolic purpose by occasional appearances in public but could not be trusted with real responsibility for decisionmaking.[5] Finally, by October 1918, Müller had decided that the Kaiser should abdicate to save the monarchy.[1]
In January 1917, Müller acquiesced to the decision for the implementation of unrestricted U-boat warfare on the basis of Admiral Henning von Holtzendorff's memorandum during Pless conference on 9 January 1917.[6]
In Müller's memoirs, he dealt intensively with the personality of Wilhelm II.
Decorations and awards
- Order of the Black Eagle (Prussia)
- Grand Cross of the Order of the Red Eagle with oak leaves and Crown (Prussia)
- Order of the Crown, 1st class (Prussia)
- Grand Commander of the Royal House Order of Hohenzollern with Swords
- Iron Cross of 1914, 1st and 2nd class
- Service Award (Prussian)
- Lifesaving Medal, on sash
- Cross of Merit, First Class of the Princely House Order of Hohenzollern
- Grand Cross of the Order of Berthold I with Swords (Baden)
- Grand Cross of the Order of the Zähringer Lion (Baden)
- Grand Cross of the Military Merit Order with Crown and Swords (Bavaria)
- Commander Second Class of the House Order of Henry the Lion (Brunswick)
- Hanseatic Cross of Hamburg
- Grand Cross of the Order of Philip of Hesse
- Cross of Merit, First Class of the House Order of the Honour Cross (Lippe)
- War Merit Cross (Lippe)
- Grand Commander of the Order of the Griffon (Mecklenburg)
- Honorary Grand Cross of the House and Merit Order of Peter Frederick Louis (Oldenburg)
- Grand Cross of the Albert Order with golden star and Swords
- Cross for Faithful Service (Schaumburg-Lippe)
- Grand Cross of the Order of the Crown with Swords (Württemberg)
- Grand Cross of the Friedrich Order with Crown
- Honorary Grand Cross of the Royal Victorian Order (United Kingdom)
Works
The Kaiser and His Court: The Diaries Note Books and Letters of Admiral Georg Alexander Von Muller Chief of the Naval Cabinet 1914–1918; Harcourt Brace and World (1964).
References
- ^ a b The Entourage of Kaiser Wilhelm II, 1888-1918 by Isabel V. Hull; Cambridge University Press, 2004, ISBN 0-521-53321-X, 9780521533218, p. 25
- ^ Helmuth von Moltke and the origins of the First World War by Annika Mombauer; Cambridge University Press, 2001, 325 pages. pp. 122, 153.
- ^ ‘’A naval history of World War I’’, by Paul G. Halpern; Routledge, 1995, ISBN 1-85728-498-4, ISBN 978-1-85728-498-0, 591 pages. P. 182-3
- ^ German Anglophobia and the Great War, 1914-1918 by Matthew Stibbe; Cambridge University Press, 284 pages. p. 82.
- ^ Historische Kommission bei der Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften. Kaiser Wilhelm II. als Oberster Kriegsherr im Ersten Weltkrieg: Quellen aus der militärischen Umgebung des Kaisers 1914-1918, bearb. v. Holger Afflerbach, Munich: Oldenbourg Wissenschaftsverlag, 2005. 1.051 S. EUR 118.00 (cloth), ISBN 978-3-486-57581-1.
- ^ Die U-Boote des Kaisers: Die Geschichte des deutschen U-Boot-Krieges gegen Grossbritannien im ersten Weltkrieg by Joachim Schröder; (Lauf an der Pegnitz: Europaforum-Verlag, 2001).
Sources
- Walter Görlitz (Hrsg): Der Kaiser ... Aufzeichnungen des Chefs des Marinekabinetts Admiral Georg Alexander v. Müller über die Ära Wilhelms II. Göttingen 1965
- 1854 births
- 1940 deaths
- Admirals of the Imperial German Navy
- Imperial German Navy admirals of World War I
- Recipients of the Pour le Mérite (military class)
- Grand Crosses of the Order of the Red Eagle
- Grand Commanders of the House Order of Hohenzollern
- Recipients of the Iron Cross (1914), 1st class
- Recipients of the House Order of Hohenzollern, Merit Cross
- Knights Grand Cross of the Order of the Zähringer Lion
- Grand Crosses of the Military Merit Order (Bavaria)
- Recipients of the Order of the Griffon (Mecklenburg)
- Honorary Knights Grand Cross of the Royal Victorian Order
- Grand Crosses of the House and Merit Order of Peter Frederick Louis
- Grand Crosses of the Albert Order
- Knights Grand Cross of the Order of the Crown (Württemberg)
- Grand Crosses of the Friedrich Order
- Recipients of the Friedrich-August-Kreuz, 1st class
- People from Chemnitz
- People from the Kingdom of Saxony