Eunice aphroditois
| Eunice aphroditois | |
|---|---|
| |
| A burrowed Eunice aphroditois | |
Scientific classification 
| |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Annelida |
| Clade: | Pleistoannelida |
| Subclass: | Errantia |
| Order: | Eunicida |
| Family: | Eunicidae |
| Genus: | Eunice |
| Species: | E. aphroditois
|
| Binomial name | |
| Eunice aphroditois Pallas, 1788
| |
Eunice aphroditois is a benthic bristle worm of warm marine waters. It lives mainly in the Atlantic Ocean, but can also be found in the Indo-Pacific.[1][2] It ranges in length from less than 10 cm (4 in) to 3 m (10 ft).[3] Its exoskeleton displays a wide range of colors, from black to purple. This species is an ambush predator; it hunts by burrowing its whole body in soft sediment on the ocean floor and waiting until its antennae detect prey.[4] It then strikes with its sharp mouthparts.[5] It may also be found among coral reefs.
E. aphroditois is also known as the bobbit worm[6][7] or bobbitt worm.[8] The name is taken from the John and Lorena Bobbitt case.[9] It is sometimes called the sand striker.[8] Another name associated with them is trap-jaw worm, noted in 2021 to have been found among fossils near Taiwan dating back twenty million years.[10]
Description
These ambush predators have no eyes and five antennae on their head that are used to sense prey.[11] The body is covered by a hard exoskeleton.[12] The mandibles can be retracted inside the body and are responsible for striking and stunning prey; they are capable of snapping some prey in half.[13] Typically, E. aphroditois ranges from deep purple to black, along with metallic colours. The largest known specimen on record reached 299 centimetres (9.81 ft) in length,[3] making it the longest known member of the polychaete class. Despite these great lengths, the worms are slim, with the body only about 25.5 millimetres (1.00 in) wide.
Habitat
This species may be found prowling among the prey-rich environment of coral reefs, where its coloration allows it to blend in and its slim body enables it to hunt in tight places.[13] It inhabits a wide range of other habitats,[14] particularly sandy and muddy sediments, as well as around rocks and sponges.[13] It has been recorded at depths of up to 95 meters.[7]
Diet and interactions
E. aphroditois senses passing prey with its antennae, seizes the prey with its mouth, and drags it into its burrow. To reduce predation risk, some fish engage in mobbing behavior, during which a group of fish will direct jets of water into the worm's burrow to disorient it.[4]
Life cycle
Like most of the class Polychaeta,[15] E. aphroditois is a sexually reproducing organism that lacks external reproductive organs. During spawning, female polychaetes produce a pheromone that attracts males and causes them to release sperm; this in turn, triggers the female to release eggs into the water, where fertilization occurs.[7] Few offspring survive to adulthood because often, the eggs are eaten by other animals or destroyed.
The lifespan of E. aphroditois is believed to be three to five years.[16]
References
- ^ Giangrande, A.; Delos, A. L.; Fraschetti, S.; Musco, L.; Licciano, M.; Terlizzi, A. (2003-12-01). "Polychaete assemblages along a rocky shore on the South Adriatic coast (Mediterranean Sea): patterns of spatial distribution". Marine Biology. 143 (6): 1109–1116. doi:10.1007/s00227-003-1162-0. ISSN 1432-1793. S2CID 85293536.
- ^ Fauchald, Kristian. "WoRMS- World Register of Marine Species".
- ^ a b Kubota, Shin; Tanase, Hidetomo; Uchida, Hiro'omi (March 2009). "An extraordinarily large specimen of the polychaete worm Eunice aphroditois (Pallas) (Order Eunicea) from Shirahama, Wakayama, central Japan". Kuroshio Biosphere : Bulletin of the Biological Institute on Kuroshio. ISSN 1349-2705.
- ^ a b Haag-Wackernagel, Daniel; Lachat, Jose (2016-09-12). "Novel mobbing strategies of a fish population against a sessile annelid predator". Scientific Reports. 6: 33187. Bibcode:2016NatSR...633187L. doi:10.1038/srep33187. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 5018815. PMID 27615670.
- ^ Study, Australian Biological Resources (2000). Polychaetes & Allies: The Southern Synthesis. Csiro Publishing. ISBN 9780643065710.
- ^ Goslinger, Terrence (1996). Coral Reef Animals of the Indo-Pacific. Sea Challengers. ISBN 0930118219.
- ^ a b c "Eunice aphroditois, bobbit worm". www.sealifebase.ca. Retrieved 2019-04-16.
- ^ a b Cormier, Zoe. "Snapping death worms can hide undetected for years". BBC Earth. Retrieved 14 January 2020.
- ^ Debelius, Helmut (2001). Asia Pacific Reef Guide: Malaysia, Indonesia, Palau, Philippines, Tropical Japan, China, Vietnam, Thailand. IKAN. p. 305.
- ^ Black, Riley, Giant predatory worms lurked beneath the ancient seafloor, fossils reveal, National Geographic, January 21, 2021
- ^ Glasby, Christopher J.; Read, Geoffrey B. (September 1998). "A chronological review of polychaete taxonomy in New Zealand". Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand. 28 (3): 347–374. doi:10.1080/03014223.1998.9517570. ISSN 0303-6758.
- ^ Paiva, Paulo C.; Fauchald, Kristian; Zanol, Joana (2007-06-01). "A phylogenetic analysis of the genus Eunice (Eunicidae, polychaete, Annelida)". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 150 (2): 413–434. doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.2007.00302.x. ISSN 0024-4082.
- ^ a b c "Eunice aphroditois (Pallas 1788) - Encyclopedia of Life". eol.org.
- ^ Fernando, Olivia J. (2011). "EUNICID POLYCHAETES (ANNELIDA) FROM GREAT NICOBAR ISLAND, INDIA: II. ORDER: EUNICIDA" (PDF). Rec. Zool. Surv. India. 111 (Part-4): 29–39.
- ^ Gadaleta, M. V.; Matarrese, A.; Tursi, A.; D'Onghia, G.; Giove, A.; Mastrototaro, F. (March 2008). "Benthic diversity of the soft bottoms in a semi-enclosed basin of the Mediterranean Sea". Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom. 88 (2): 247–252. doi:10.1017/S0025315408000726. ISSN 1469-7769.
- ^ Holthuis, L.B. (1987). "Résultats des campagnes Musorstom. I et II - Philippines (1976, 1980). Tome 2. In: Mémoires du Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle. Série A, Zoologie. Tome 133. Décembre 1985. Paris. 525 pp. Price: 350 Fr. To be ordered from: Editions du Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Bibliothèque centrale du Muséum, 38 rue Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 75005, Paris". Crustaceana. 53 (3): 320. doi:10.1163/156854087x00466. ISSN 0011-216X.