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2nd Commando Regiment (Australia)

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2nd Commando Regiment
Badge of the 2nd Commando Regiment
Active1 February 1997
(as 4 RAR Cdo)
19 June 2009 – present
(as 2nd Cdo Regt)
Country Australia
BranchAustralian Army
TypeSpecial forces
RoleSpecial operations
Counter-terrorism
SizeOne regiment
  • Four commando companies
  • Three supporting companies
Part ofSpecial Operations Command
Garrison/HQHolsworthy Barracks, Sydney[1]
Motto(s)"Foras Admonitio"
(Without Warning)[2]
EngagementsEast Timor

War in Afghanistan

2003 Iraq War

Military intervention against ISIL

DecorationsUnit Citation for Gallantry[3]
Meritorious Unit Citation[4]
Insignia
Unit colour patch
Abbreviation2 CDO REGT

The 2nd Commando Regiment is a special forces unit of the Australian Army, and is part of Special Operations Command. The regiment was established on 19 June 2009 when the 4th Battalion, Royal Australian Regiment (Commando) was renamed. It is based at Holsworthy, New South Wales. The 2nd Commando Regiment often trains and deploys with the Special Air Service Regiment, is highly regarded by coalition special operation forces abroad, and has been involved in operations in East Timor, Iraq and Afghanistan, where it was used in a direct action warfighting role. It has also been involved in a number of domestic security operations including the 2006 Commonwealth Games and the 2014 G20 Leaders Summit.

Role

Part of Special Operations Command (SOCOMD),[5] the 2nd Commando Regiment is one of three combat-capable units within SOCOMD[6] and operates in conjunction with other SOCOMD units, services and interagency organisations in joint and combined operations.[7] The role of the regiment is to conduct large scale offensive, support and recovery operations beyond the scope and capability of other Australian Defence Force (ADF) units.[8] Army doctrine specifies that the role of commando units is to "span the gap between conventional infantry operations and unconventional operations", focusing on advanced force operations and direct action missions.[3][7][9] Formed to complement the Special Air Service Regiment (SASR), according to Blaxland the regiment is designed to be a "self-contained flexible and rapidly deployable force" and is structured for both special operations and domestic counter-terrorism.[10] In its domestic counter-terrorism role it provides the Tactical Assault Group (East) to respond to high-risk incidents on the eastern coast of Australia beyond the capability of state/territory and federal Police Tactical Groups to respond to.[11] The regiment maintains a high readiness element which encompasses the parachute company group role that the 3rd Battalion, Royal Australian Regiment (3 RAR) had maintained prior to being re-roled as a light infantry battalion.[12][13] In 2010, the then-Chief of Army stated that as part of the future amphibious ready group based on the Navy's new Canberra-class it will be necessary to rotate a Commando Company to support the infantry battalion.[14]

History

Formation

In 1995, as part of an expansion of the number of Australian Army infantry battalions, the 2nd/4th Battalion, Royal Australian Regiment—then operating as a standard light infantry battalion—was delinked into separate battalions which resumed their original identities as the 2nd and 4th Battalions.[15] The decision was then taken that the 4th Battalion would become a Regular Army commando unit and on 1 February 1997 the unit was renamed to 4th Battalion, Royal Australian Regiment (Commando) (4 RAR Cdo). The unit would be structured for both conventional operations and domestic counter-terrorism, with an initial establishment of a battalion headquarters, Tactical Assault Group, two commando companies, logistic support company, logistic support company, operational support company and a signal squadron.[16] Initially, both Regular and Reserve members were given the opportunity to undertake special forces training provided by the Commando Training Wing of the Reserve 1st Commando Regiment, or elect to be posted to a conventional forces unit.[17] In 1998, General Reserve positions ceased to exist in the new structure, and reserve members discharged or posted to other reserve units.[18] It was planned that 4 RAR (Cdo) would eventually take over the SASR counter terrorist role.[18][19]

The initial years were busy with the unit creating a structure and recruiting members suitable for commando training, while conducting sub-unit and unit training activities.[20] B Company was raised in 1997, followed by C Company in 1999, both of which took 24 months to reach full maturity.[20] A small team from 4 RAR (Cdo) deployed to East Timor as part of the International Force for East Timor (INTERFET) in September 1999 providing close personal protection for the media and also as interpreters in the initial months.[21] In 2000, elements were involved in the evacuation of Australian nationals from the Solomon Islands in June.[22] While later that year, 4 RAR (Cdo) assisted with counter-terrorism at the Sydney Olympic Games as part of Joint Task Force 114, with C Company on standby as a response force such as providing a cordon around an incident site in support of the SASR.[23][24] In 2000, it was decided that the counter terrorist role should remain with the SASR.[19] A period of rapid capability development, equipment acquisition and training subsequently followed. The unit that was developed as a result is highly regarded by coalition special operation forces abroad, and has conducted operations in East Timor, Iraq and Afghanistan. It has also been awarded a number of citations for bravery and meritorious service.[3]

On 19 June 2009, the battalion was renamed the 2nd Commando Regiment.[25] Regardless, the name 4 RAR remains on the Army's order of battle and its history, colours and traditions have been preserved, ready to be re-raised as a regular infantry battalion in the future if required. All awards and battle honours received during the time as 4 RAR (Cdo) were passed onto the 2nd Commando Regiment, while those awarded before the transformation to a commando battalion were retained by 4 RAR.[26]

East Timor

The 2nd Commando Regiment, then known as 4 RAR (Cdo), was deployed as a part of the United Nations Transitional Administration in East Timor (UNTAET) in 2001. When notified to replace 1 RAR in East Timor, 4 RAR had not long previously been raised as a commando battalion, developing special forces capabilities to supplement those of the SASR. With the commitment to East Timor continuing, however, 4 RAR was re-roled as a light infantry battalion for deployment to East Timor as AUSBATT IV. This involved reorganising from the existing two commando-companies structure to a light infantry battalion with four companies and a growth in the unit from 220 to 670 personnel.[23] This saw B and C Company remain commando-qualified. A Company was formed in June 2000 followed by D Company in November both filled with Regular infantry soldiers posted in to the unit.[23] The battalion took official control over Area of Operations (AO) Matilda in the northern border region on 25 April under the command of Lieutenant Colonel Jeff Sengelman.[27][28]

During its time deployed as a part of UNTAET, the battalion established a security partnership with the East Timorese, focusing strongly on languages and maintaining the relationships previous Australian battalions had established, as well as transferring new technologies to the local security forces. This "intelligence-led" but "people-focused" approach saw the battalion group conduct the majority of its operations in close proximity to the Tactical Coordination Line (TCL) on the border with Indonesian West Timor. The battalion saw few contacts while in East Timor. These included a TCL violation on 5 May 2001 which was intercepted by a section from D Company, an outbreak of violence involving a grenade attack by militia members at the Maubasa markets on 29 May which resulted in several people killed and about 50 wounded, and shallow cross-border militia raids in June, including an attack on a section patrol from A Company. The battalion was withdrawn and replaced in October 2001.[29][30]

Expansion and domestic security

Commandos fast rope from a 171st Aviation Squadron Blackhawk helicopter during Exercise Talisman Sabre in 2015

Following the battalion's return from East Timor it was again restructured to resume its role as a two-company commando battalion.[16] However, in 2001 the Australian Government directed the permanent establishment of a second TAG to be based on the east coast of Australia.[18] The TAG is supplemented by clearance divers from the Navy Clearance Diving Branch who form the Water troop.[31] A Company was subsequently raised as a commando company in 2002.[18] Following the creation of SOCOMD in 2002 and the Bali bombings in October that year, further resources became available.[32] The battalion was subsequently involved in security operations for the Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting (CHOGM) in Queensland in 2002.[18] Elements of the battalion were also involved in the boarding of a North Korean freighter, the MV Pong Su—which was suspected of drug smuggling—off Newcastle on 20 April 2003.[33][34][Note 1] In 2005, a fourth commando company was subsequently raised, with D Company being formed.[18] Later, the battalion was tasked with supporting the security arrangements for the 2006 Commonwealth Games in Melbourne.[35] In 2014, elements of the regiment were deployed to Brisbane to protect the G20 Leaders Summit held in the city on 15 and 16 November.[36]

Iraq

The battalion provided a commando force element as part of the Australian contribution to the 2003 invasion of Iraq, known as Operation Falconer. A reinforced commando platoon formed an element of the Australian Special Forces Task Group (SFTG), which also included 1 Squadron, SASR, a troop from the Incident Response Regiment, and three CH-47 Chinook helicopters from the 5th Aviation Regiment. The commandos formed the "quick reaction" element for the task group. The SFTG operated in western Iraq where it was successful in securing its area of operations, including the huge Al Asad Air Base.[37][38] After the invasion was complete, the 40-man commando element provided security to humanitarian assistance missions and other security operations, later providing close protection for Australian officials in Baghdad as part of Operation Catalyst.[39] In 2004, claims appeared in the media that Australian special forces were involved in counter-insurgency operations inside Iraq, although this was denied by the government.[40][41] The last commando element was withdrawn in 2006.[42]

Timor Leste

Later, in May 2006 a commando company group was deployed to Timor Leste as part of Operation Astute, after relations between the East Timorese government and military forces broke down.[43] The commandos operated alongside the SASR as part of the Special Forces Component[44] and were tasked with advanced force operations in preparation for the arrival of follow-on forces, focusing on Dili Airport. In March 2007, the commandos, along with elements of the SASR, took part in the Battle of Same during which five rebels were killed during an unsuccessful attempt to apprehend the rebel leader, Alfredo Reinado. After the battle, the commandos and SASR elements were withdrawn at the request of the East Timorese government in order to start negotiations with the rebels.[45]

Afghanistan

Commandos walking with Afghan National Army to a waiting U.S. Army Chinook helicopter in 2012

Meanwhile, in August 2005 an Australian Special Forces Task Group (SFTG) was deployed to Afghanistan as part of Operation Slipper, operating in the southern province of Uruzgan. The SFTG, based on similar structure deployed during Operation Falconer, was made up of elements from the SASR, a commando company and a troop from the Incident Response Regiment. Two CH-47 Chinook helicopters from the 5th Aviation Regiment were deployed to Afghanistan in March 2006 to support the SFTG.[46] A forward operating base was subsequently established at Tarin Kowt.[47] During this deployment the Commandos were involved in Operation Perth which resulted in the death of over 150 Taliban and al-Qaeda fighters in nine days of fierce fighting in the Chora district of Uruzgan Province.[48] The SFTG was withdrawn from Afghanistan in September 2006 and replaced by a Reconstruction Taskforce made up of engineers and conventional infantry.[46] During this period the task group was on patrol for 306 days and involved in 139 contacts and sustained 11 soldiers wounded.[49][50]

A 300-strong Special Operations Task Group (SOTG) was subsequently deployed to support the Reconstruction Taskforce in April 2007, including a commando company group, elements of the SASR, and an integral combat service support team.[51][52] In the latter part of 2008 the commando company conducted a disruption operation in Helmand province as part of Operation Eagle's Summit, which was a major coalition operation conducted in support of the transport and installation of an additional turbine for the Kajaki Dam hydroelectric facility.[53] In March and April 2009, SOTG killed 80 Taliban fighters in a major four-week operation in Helmand Province, without suffering any casualties.[54] Further operations undertaken include the Battle of Gizab in April 2010, and the Shah Wali Kot Offensive in June 2010, which resulted in heavy insurgent casualties.[55][56] The bulk of SOTG was withdrawn from Afghanistan in late 2013 as part of a drawdown of Australian forces, although some special forces remained after this date as part of the small Australian force maintained in the country.[57] The Regiment lost 12 personnel killed while deployed to Afghanistan, along with one killed during a pre-deployment exercise.[2][58][59]

The regiment served in 20 SOTG rotations in Afghanistan, with deployments ranging from about four to six, seven, and eight months.[60][61] For its actions, the regiment was collectively awarded the Unit Citation for Gallantry[3] and the Meritorious Unit Citation.[4] On 26 March 2013, it was announced that Special Operations Command would receive the first battle honour awarded to an Australian Army unit for actions since the end of the Vietnam War for its performance during the Shah Wali Kot Offensive in Afghanistan from May to June 2010. The battle honour, titled "Eastern Shah Wali Kot", was awarded in recognition of the operational actions of the SASR and 2nd Commando Regiment from Australian Special Operations Task Group Rotation XII.[62] A number of the regiment's personnel have also received individual decorations for their actions in Afghanistan. A posthumous Victoria Cross for Australia was awarded to Cameron Baird for actions in Uruzgan Province in June 2013.[63] In addition, as of October 2010 six Distinguished Service Crosses, eleven Distinguished Service Medals, seven Medals for Gallantry and three Stars of Gallantry had been awarded to 2nd Commando Regiment personnel for service in Afghanistan.[64]

Military intervention against ISIL

In September 2014, as part of Operation Okra the Australian Army deployed a Special Operations Task Group (SOTG) of approximately 200 personnel to the United Arab Emirates in preparation for operations to assist and advise Iraqi Security Forces following an offensive by Islamic State forces.[65] The soldiers were expected to be deployed to Iraq when a legal framework covering their presence in the country was agreed between the Australian and Iraqi Governments.[66] The majority of the SOTG was reported to be made up of C Company, 2nd Commando Regiment.[67] It began moving into Iraq in early November.[68] The 2nd Commando Regiment was tasked with training the Iraq government's Counter Terrorism Service.[69] Personnel from SOTG have also been involved in co-ordinating airstrikes remotely to assist Iraqi forces engaged in clearance operations.[70] From September 2015, the strength of SOTG rotations were reduced to approximately 80 personnel.[71][72]

Current organisation

The regiment consists of a headquarters, four commando companies, a logistics support company, an operational support company and a signals squadron. It is believed to currently be organised as follows:[16][67]

  • Regimental Headquarters
    • A Company
    • B Company
    • C Company
    • D Company
    • 126 Signal Squadron[73]
    • Operations Support Company
    • Logistics Support Company

Incorporates the role of Tactical Assault Group (East) (on rotation).

Uniform and equipment

A commando in close quarters battle training during Exercise Balikatan 2017 in the Philippines

Following the renaming of the unit, a new badge was chosen to reflect the history and traditions of the Independent Companies that served during the Second World War, by including the distinctive "double diamond" unit colour patch shape in the regimental badge, along with the traditional commando knife.[2] The unit's motto is Foras Admonitio, which is Latin for "Without Warning".[2] Qualified commandos are awarded the Sherwood green commando beret.[64] Distinctive commando parachute wings are worn, depicting a parachute backed by a pair of black drooping wings on a green background.[74] The Australian Army stiletto dagger is also worn on ceremonial occasions.[75] A garter blue lanyard is worn.[76]

A variety of weapons systems are used, including the M4 carbine, Heckler & Koch (HK) HK417 and KAC SR-25.[77] Sidearms include the Browning Hi-Power and HK USP Tactical.[78] The HK MP5 submachine gun is used in the counter-terrorist role.[79][80] Sniper rifles include the Blaser Tactical 2, Accuracy International AW50F and Barrett M82A1.[81] Support weapons include both the FN Minimi Para and Minimi 7.62,[82] as well as the FN MAG.[83] Direct and indirect fire support weapons used include 66 mm M72 LAWs, 84 mm M3 MAAWS, FGM-148 Javelins, M2-QCB Browning .50 BMG machine guns, Mk 47 Striker grenade launchers, and 81 mm mortars.[84][85][86][87] The Long Range Patrol Vehicle will soon be replaced by the Special Operations Vehicle – Commando (SOV-Cdo), based on Supacat's HMT Extenda MK2, 89 of which are currently being acquired (including several of the SOV-Logistics variant).[88][89] The Australian designed Bale Defence Industries lightweight Rough Terrain Vehicle (RTV) is being trialled.[90] Watercraft operated include the Zodiac F470 inflatable boat and United States Marine, Inc. 11m Air Drop Rigid Hull Inflatable Boat (ADRHIB).[91][92]

Selection and training

Commandos jump into Shoalwater Bay from a U.S. Air Force MC-130 transport during Exercise Talisman Saber 2011

Any member of the Australian Defence Force may apply for entry into the 2nd Commando Regiment.[93] Applicants may also be accepted via the Special Forces Direct Recruitment Scheme (DRS), where selected and screened civilians undertake an accelerated 80-day infantry training program prior to commencing the Special Forces selection process.[1] If a candidate fails any part of the selection course they will be returned to their unit, or transferred to one of the infantry battalions of the Royal Australian Regiment if they are a DRS candidate. Candidates must complete the Special Forces Screen Test and if successful move onto the six-week Commando Selection and Training Course (CSTC) conducted at the Special Forces Training Centre (SFTC), in Singleton, New South Wales. Further training then is undertaken during Commando Initial Employment Training, also known as the "Reinforcement Cycle". Upon successful completion of all courses soldiers are posted into one of the Commando Companies where further specialist training occurs.[1][94][95][96] Counter terrorist training is conducted at the Special Forces Training Facility (SFTF) based at Holsworthy Barracks with an indoor range complex, aircraft mock-up, method of entry facility, urban training facility and sniper range.[97] In 2013, a four-hour documentary Commando was produced on the selection course and reinforcement training.[98]

Notes

Footnotes

  1. ^ Commanded by CO 4 RAR (Cdo), the operation involved members of TAG (West), TAG (East) and the Incident Response Regiment.[34]

Citations

  1. ^ a b c "Commando". Defence Job. Defence Force Recruiting. Retrieved 18 October 2018.
  2. ^ a b c d "2nd Commando Regiment". Canberra: Australian Army. 1 February 2012. Archived from the original on 16 March 2012.
  3. ^ a b c d "Address by His Excellency Major General Michael Jeffery on the Occasion of Presentation of the Unit Citation for Gallantry to 4RAR (Commando) Holsworthy Army Barracks, NSW 26 October 2007". Governor General of Australia. Archived from the original on 4 October 2009.
  4. ^ a b "Special Operations Task Group (Task Force 637) Meritorious Unit Citation". 4RAR Association. 2007. Retrieved 14 June 2010.
  5. ^ McPhedran 2005, p. 338.
  6. ^ AAP 2009.
  7. ^ a b "Roles of the 2nd Commando Regiment". 2nd Commando Regiment. Department of Defence. Archived from the original on 27 December 2017.
  8. ^ "History – 4th Battalion, Royal Australian Regiment". 4 RAR Associations of Australia. Archived from the original on 10 October 2016. Retrieved 20 August 2016.
  9. ^ Army: The Soldiers' Newspaper 2007, p. 25.
  10. ^ Blaxland 2014, p. 175.
  11. ^ Davies, Jennings & Scheer 2014, p. 10.
  12. ^ "Army Airborne Insertion Capability" (Press release). Department of Defence. 9 September 2011. Archived from the original on 26 March 2012.
  13. ^ Senator Robert Hill, Minister for Defence (15 December 2005). "Army Battalion to relocate to Adelaide" (Press release). Department of Defence. Archived from the original on 20 March 2012.
  14. ^ Gillespie 2010.
  15. ^ Horner 2008, p. 295.
  16. ^ a b c Horner 2008, p. 329.
  17. ^ Collins 2005, pp. 244–245.
  18. ^ a b c d e f "Unit History". 2nd Commando Regiment. Department of Defence. 2013. Archived from the original on 28 December 2017.
  19. ^ a b Horner & Thomas 2009, pp. 301.
  20. ^ a b "4RAR History 1995–2000". Australian Army. 2 November 2001. Archived from the original on 1 November 2001.
  21. ^ "Op WARDEN". 2nd Commando Regiment. Department of Defence. Archived from the original on 21 March 2016. Retrieved 17 August 2016.
  22. ^ "Op PLUMBOMB". 2nd Commando Regiment. Department of Defence. Archived from the original on 14 February 2017. Retrieved 17 August 2016.
  23. ^ a b c Campbell 2001, pp. 1.
  24. ^ Horner & Thomas 2009, pp. 330.
  25. ^ Brooke 2009, p. 3.
  26. ^ "New Name for Sydney Commandos" (Press release). Department of Defence. 19 June 2009. Archived from the original on 3 January 2010.
  27. ^ Campbell 2001, pp. 11.
  28. ^ Horner 2008, pp. 315–317.
  29. ^ Campbell 2001, pp. 11–24.
  30. ^ Horner 2008, pp. 316–318.
  31. ^ Davis 2002.
  32. ^ Blaxland 2014, p. 328.
  33. ^ Mickelburough 2003, p. 1.
  34. ^ a b Blaxland 2014, p. 287.
  35. ^ Blaxland 2014, p. 311.
  36. ^ "ADF support G20 Leaders Summit". Australian Army. Archived from the original on 29 November 2014. Retrieved 22 November 2014.
  37. ^ McPhedran 2005, pp. 250–325.
  38. ^ Department of Defence 2004, pp. 21–26.
  39. ^ Horner 2008, pp. 329–330.
  40. ^ Toohey 2004.
  41. ^ "Financial Review Wrong on Special Forces Allegations" (Press release). Department of Defence. 28 August 2004. Archived from the original on 4 August 2014.
  42. ^ "RAR global operations". 4RAR Association. 2007. Archived from the original on 16 December 2009. Retrieved 14 June 2010.
  43. ^ Farrell 2006, p. 34.
  44. ^ Blaxland 2014, p. 201.
  45. ^ Australian & NZ Defender Magazine 2007, pp. 22–26.
  46. ^ a b Dennis et al 2008, p. 9.
  47. ^ Horner 2008, p. 337.
  48. ^ The Age 2010.
  49. ^ Walters 2006, p. 11.
  50. ^ Horner 2008, p. 338.
  51. ^ "Australia to double Afghan force". bbc.co.uk. 10 April 2007. Retrieved 12 April 2007.
  52. ^ "Global Operations – Department of Defence". Australian Department of Defence. Archived from the original on 10 April 2009.
  53. ^ Roxburgh 2010, p. 27.
  54. ^ Brown 2009.
  55. ^ "Anzac Day in Gizab" (Press release). Department of Defence. 24 April 2010. Archived from the original on 24 June 2015.
  56. ^ "Insurgents driven out of Shah Wali Kot" (Press release). Department of Defence. 16 June 2010. Retrieved 16 June 2010.
  57. ^ McPhedran 2013, p. 1.
  58. ^ "Honour Roll". 2nd Commando Regiment. Department of Defence. 2013. Archived from the original on 27 December 2017.
  59. ^ "Battle casualties in Afghanistan". Global Operations: Afghanistan. Department of Defence. Retrieved 10 September 2014.
  60. ^ "Operation Slipper – Where did people deploy from?". Australian Army. Archived from the original on 10 October 2016. Retrieved 25 May 2016.
  61. ^ "The Last Commando Part One – Transcript". Australian Story. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. 5 June 2014. Archived from the original on 10 September 2016. Retrieved 2 July 2016.
  62. ^ "Special Operations Units Awarded Battle Honour" (Press release). Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet. 26 March 2013. Archived from the original on 13 April 2013. Retrieved 26 March 2013.
  63. ^ Swan 2014.
  64. ^ a b Dodd 2010.
  65. ^ Army: The Soldiers' Newspaper 2014a, p. 3.
  66. ^ Brissenden 2014a.
  67. ^ a b Brissenden 2014b.
  68. ^ Griffiths 2014.
  69. ^ Williams 2015.
  70. ^ Wroe 2015.
  71. ^ "Press conference with Vice Admiral David Johnston – Update on Australian Defence Force operations". Transcript. Department of Defence. 7 October 2015. Archived from the original on 8 December 2015. Retrieved 29 November 2015.
  72. ^ Prime Minister and Minister for Defence (20 July 2016). "Training Iraqi law enforcement agencies" (Press release). Archived from the original on 31 July 2016. Retrieved 31 July 2016.
  73. ^ "Commando Signallers (126 Signals Squadron)". 2nd Commando Regiment. Department of Defence. 2013. Archived from the original on 5 December 2017.
  74. ^ Jobson 2009, p. 186.
  75. ^ Army: The Soldiers' Newspaper 2014b, p. 8.
  76. ^ Terrett & Taubert 2015, p. 117.
  77. ^ Neville 2016, p. 68.
  78. ^ Neville 2016, p. 32.
  79. ^ "MP5 9 millimetre". Australian Army. Archived from the original on 2 October 2016. Retrieved 28 September 2016.
  80. ^ Neville 2016, p. 63 and 74.
  81. ^ Neville 2016, p. 200.
  82. ^ Neville 2016, pp. 204–222.
  83. ^ Neville 2016, pp. 204–223.
  84. ^ Neville 2015.
  85. ^ Neville 2016, pp. 223–240.
  86. ^ "Commando: Mortarman". 2nd Commando Regiment. Department of Defence. 2013. Archived from the original on 5 December 2017.
  87. ^ Doran 2016, p. 5.
  88. ^ "Contract signed for Special Operations Vehicles". CASG Bulletin (June 2016). Department of Defence. Retrieved 27 September 2016.
  89. ^ Slocombe 2014, p. 15.
  90. ^ "Defence vehicles, made in the Hastings". Camden Haver Courier. 12 August 2014. Retrieved 26 December 2016.
  91. ^ 2nd Commando Regiment Paradrop. Defence Videos. Department of Defence. 22 July 2011.
  92. ^ Hamilton 2016, p. 9.
  93. ^ "How to Apply". 2nd Commando Regiment. Department of Defence. 2013. Archived from the original on 15 January 2018.
  94. ^ "Selection and Training Course". 2nd Commando Regiment. Department of Defence. 2013. Archived from the original on 16 May 2016. Retrieved 11 November 2014.
  95. ^ "Reinforcement Training". 2nd Commando Regiment. Department of Defence. 2013. Archived from the original on 16 May 2016.
  96. ^ "Specialist Training Training". 2nd Commando Regiment. Department of Defence. 2013. Archived from the original on 16 May 2016.
  97. ^ Major General Michael Jeffery, Governor-General (24 July 2007). "Opening of the Special Forces Training Facility (SFTF) - Speech" (Press release). Archived from the original on 22 February 2011.
  98. ^ "Commando". Screen Australia. Retrieved 27 December 2016.

References

Further reading

  • Macklin, Robert (2015). Warrior Elite: Australia's Special Forces – From Z Force and the SAS to the Wars of the Future. Sydney, New South Wales: Hachette Australia. ISBN 9780733632914.
  • Allen, Clyde; Caldwell, Brett (1997). Red Phoenix: A Pictorial History of the Re-raising of the 4th Battalion, the Royal Australian Regiment and Its Conversion to the Commando Role. Holsworthy, New South Wales: The 4th Battalion, The Royal Australian Regiment Association. ISBN 064634322X.
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