Wilton Abbey
| Monastery information | |
|---|---|
| Order | Benedictine |
| Established | 802 |
| Disestablished | 1539 |
| People | |
| Founder(s) | Saint Alburga, with permission given by Egbert of Wessex |
| Site | |
| Location | Wiltshire, England, three miles from Salisbury |
| Coordinates | 51°04′41″N 1°51′22″W / 51.07808°N 1.85600°W |
Wilton Abbey was a Benedictine convent in Wiltshire, England, three miles from Salisbury on the site now occupied by Wilton House. It was active from 802 until 1539. It was one of the most powerful nunneries in Medieval England, and one of only four nunneries to hold a barony alongside Shaftesbury, Barking, and St Mary's Abbey, Winchester.
History
Foundation
A first foundation was made as a college of secular priests by Wulfstan, Ealdorman of Wiltshire, about 773, but after his death (802) was changed into a convent for twelve nuns by his widow, Saint Alburga, sister of Egbert of Wessex. Owing to the consent given by this king he is counted as the first founder of this monastery. Saint Alburga herself joined the community, and died at Wilton. King Alfred, after his temporary success against the Danes at Wilton in 871, founded a new convent on the site of the royal palace and united to it the older foundation.
Anglo Saxon era
The community was to number 26 nuns. It was attached to St Mary's Church.[1] Two daughters of king Edward the Elder and Ælfflæd, Eadflæd and Æthelhild, probably joined the community, Eadflæd as a nun and Æthelhild as a lay sister. They were buried at Wilton with their mother. Their half-brother, king Æthelstan, made two grants of land to a congregation at Wilton in the 930s, including one in 937 for the remission of his sins and those of Eadflæd.[2]
In 955 King Eadwig granted the nuns of Wilton Abbey an estate called Chelke (Chalke, Saxon aet Ceolcum) which included land in Broad Chalke and Bowerchalke.[3][4]
Wulfthryth era
Wulfthryth of Wilton, the wife (or concubine) of Edgar, King of the English (959-75), was abbess of Wilton between the early 960s and about 1000. According to Stenton, she was a nun when Edgar (who could not have been more than sixteen at the time, and she a bit older) abducted her from the abbey and carried her off to his palace at Kemsing, near Sevenoaks. Abduction of a bride was not uncommon in pre-Christian and early Christian Anglo-Saxon society, and it is unknown how much of her abduction was with her consent. Nevertheless, she was held at Kemsing for two years, during which time she bore Edgar a daughter Saint Edith, whom he acknowledged and supported for the rest of his life. St. Dunstan, an advisor to Edgar, later talked the king into doing penance for the abduction: reportedly, Edgar refrained from wearing his crown for seven years.
By the early 960's, Wulfthryth was installed as abbess back at Wilton (where she raised her daughter), and Edgar had bestowed the abbey with treasure and land. In 964 Edgar married Ælfthryth, in a Christian ceremony which would have nullified any pagan arrangement with Wulfthryth; because of this, modern historians sometimes refer to her as a "concubine" but the word is inaccurate, given the custom of the time. Having been given wealth by the king, and being of a noble background herself, Wulfthryth used her wealth to build up Wilton's relic collection. She was also able to use her royal connections to protect Wilton in other ways, such as securing the release of two Wilton priests who had been imprisoned by the reeve of Wilton.
Her daughter died between 984 and 987 at the age of 23, and her mother and various royalty, as well as enormous local popular support, promoted her cult as a saint.[5][6][7]
High middle ages
In 1003 Sweyn, King of Denmark, destroyed the town of Wilton but it is unknown whether the abbey shared its fate. Edith of Wessex, the wife of Edward the Confessor, who had been educated at Wilton, rebuilt the abbey in stone; it had formerly been of wood.
The Abbess of Wilton held an entire barony from the king, a privilege shared by only three other English nunneries, Shaftesbury, Barking, and St Mary's Abbey, Winchester. As the head of a barony, the abbess had the obligation to provide the royal army with knights when summoned. The abbess had the privilege to appoint offices in her realm, which made her an important patron; her most prestigious cause of patronage was her right to appoint deacon to the conventual church, which had a great deal of clergymen in office at any given time.[8]
Wilton Abbey was favored by the royal family and given many rich donations from members of the royal family, such as from Henry I and Queen Maud. The king, the Archbishop of Canterbury, the Bishop of Salisbury, and sometimes the queen, had the right to nominate nuns to Wilton, and the king exercised this right on his coronation and on the creation of a new abbess, and the queen on her coronation.
In 1143 King Stephen made it his headquarters, but was put to flight by Matilda's forces under Robert, Earl of Gloucester.
During the 13th-century, Wilton Abbey experienced a period of financial crisis, and between 1246 and 1276, several gifts were made from the crown and the church for the repair of the buildings, which where at this point described as having fallen into a serious state of disrepair.[8]
Several scandals are known to have occurred in Wilton Abbey. In 1284[9] and 1302 nuns of Wilton were found guilty of misconduct,[10] and again in 1379.[8]
In 1528, the crown interfered in the election of a new abbess after Cecily Willoughby (d. 1528). The abbey nominated the election of the prioress, Isabel Jordayne, described as 'ancient, wise and discreet', while Anne Boleyn favored her brother-in-law Philip Carey's sister Eleanor Carey.[8] Henry VIII preferred Isabel Jordayne when Eleanor Carey's candidacy was destroyed by serious moral charges against her.[8] In 1535, the abbess complained about Thomas Leigh's too strictly enforced enclosure, as it would not be possible for her to conduct the abbey's business properly if she was not allowed to leave the convent on business, as the abbey was in debt.[8]
Dissolution
Cecily Bodenham, the last abbess, surrendered the convent to the commissioners of King Henry VIII on 25 March 1539 during the Dissolution of the Monasteries. The site was granted to Sir William Herbert, afterwards Earl of Pembroke, who commenced the building of Wilton House, still the abode of his descendants. There are no remains of the ancient buildings.
Abbesses of Wilton
- Saint Alburga, traditionally the first prioress of house founded by King Egbert (802).
- Radegund, traditionally the first abbess of house founded by Alfred.
- Ælfgyth, occurs 955.
- Wulfthryth of Wilton, died 1000.
- Bryghtwyde, occurs 1065 (said to be third abbess after Wulfthryth).
- Alfyne, succeeds Bryghtwyde 1065, died 1067.
- Hawise, occurs temp. Henry II.
- Alice, occurs 1192.
- Mary, occurs 1194.
- Asceline, occurs 1197, 1208.
- Margaret, died before 12 February 1222.
- Isabel de Warenne, elected 1222, died before 1 April 1228.
- Alice, elected 1228, died before 7 May 1237.
- Alice, elected 1237, died before 29 August 1252.
- Maud de la Mare, elected 1252, died before 2 November 1271.
- Juliana Gifford, elected between 27 December 1271 and 16 November 1272, died before 6 July 1296.
- Parnel de Vaux, elected 1296, died before 8 May 1299.
- Emma Blount, elected 1299, died before 20 Nov. 1321.
- Constance de Percy, elected 1321, died before 14 August 1344.
- Robergia de Popham, elected 1344, died before 4 May 1346.
- Lucy Loveny, 1346, died before 30 October 1361.
- Sibyl Aucher, elected 1361, died before 20 June 1374.
- Maud de Bokeland, elected 1374, died before 12 October 1395.
- Felise Lavington, elected 1395.
- Joan Beauchamp, elected 1403, died before 19 November 1416.
- Christine Doulre, elected 1416, died 1441.
- Christine Codford, elected 1441, died 1448.
- Isabel Lambard, elected 1448, died 1464.
- Edith Barough, elected 1464, died before 11 December 1470.
- Alice Comelonde, elected 1471, died 1485.
- Cecily Willoughby, elected 1485, died before 30 April 1528.
- Isabel Jordayne, elected 1528; on 28 March 1533 abbey said to have been long without an abbess.
- Cecily Bodenham, elected 1534.
Burials
- Saint Iwig (d. c. 690 AD), whose Feast Day is 8 October (aka Iwi).
- Edith of Wilton (c. 963 – c. 986) patron saint of Wilton
- Saint Wulfthryth (d. 988 AD), mother of St. Edith of Wilton, her Feast Day is 13 September.
- Ælfflæd, Eadflæd and Æthelhild
References
- ^ Historic England. "Church of St Mary (1355781)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 11 December 2014.
- ^ Foot, Sarah (2011). Æthelstan: the first king of England. Yale University Press. p. 45. ISBN 978-0-300-12535-1.
- ^ Broad Chalke, A History of a South Wiltshire Village, its Land & People Over 2,000 years. By 'The People of the Village', 1999
- ^ British History Online (.ac.uk) Broad Chalke
- ^ Yorke, Barbara (2004). "Wulfthryth [St Wulfthryth] (d. c.1000), abbess of Wilton". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/49423. Retrieved 1 August 2013. (subscription or UK public library membership required)
- ^ Yorke, Barbara (2004). "Edith [St Edith, Eadgyth] (961x4–984x7), nun". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/8482. Retrieved 1 August 2013. (subscription or UK public library membership required)
- ^ * Stenton, Frank (1971). Anglo-Saxon England (3rd ed.). Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-280139-5.
- ^ a b c d e f British History Online (.ac.uk) Abbey of Wilton
- ^ Reg. Simon de Gandavo (Cant. & York Soc.), i, 105, 116, 129.
- ^ Cal. Fine R. 1272–1307, 207. Reg. Peckham, f. 119; Hoare, Mod. Wilts. Branch and Dole Hundred, 94.
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