Mizuage
Mizuage (水揚げ, lit., "hoisting from water") was a ceremony undergone by apprentice oiran (kamuro) and some maiko (apprentice geisha) as part of their coming of age ceremony and graduation.
For kamuro, who had often already lost their virginity, a patron would pay for the exclusive privilege of being a new oiran's first customer;[1] for maiko who underwent mizuage, it formed part of a number of ceremonies and occasions used to mark graduation into geishahood, including symbolic changes in hairstyle and official visits to benefactors. Before the outlawing of sex work in Japan, maiko who underwent mizuage would see patrons and benefactors bid large sums of money for the privilege of taking their virginity, a sum of money the okiya (the geisha house an apprentice was affiliated to) would take entirely.
In the present day, a maiko's graduation is known as erikae (襟替え, lit., "turning the collar [of a kimono]"), and is entirely non-sexual, though some older sources - such as the autobiography of Mineko Iwasaki, the geisha that author Arthur Golden used as inspiration for his character of Sayuri in the novel Memoirs of a Geisha - refer to the non-sexual graduation of maiko to geishahood as mizuage.[2] Kamuro, and oiran as an extension, exist in the modern day only through re-enactors, neither of whom include sex work as part of their re-enactment, instead re-creating the traditional artforms historically practiced by oiran as part of their entertainment.
History
Mizuage has been long connected with the loss of virginity of a maiko,[3] owing to the fact that some maiko did undergo ceremonies to lose their virginity.[4] Mizuage for a maiko would also include monetary sponsorship by the mizuage patron, intended to support and promote the maiko's debut to geisha status. Through this sponsorship of the apprentice, a patron would essentially purchase the right to take the maiko's virginity.[1]
According to anthropologist Liza Dalby, mizuage was an important initiation into womanhood and the geisha world, giving way to the next stage of training, and the mizuage patron would often have no further relations with the young woman in question.[4]
A maiko working as an apprentice for an unscrupulous okiya owner ran the risk of being exploited, with owners at times exploiting younger apprentices enforcing the selling of their "virginity" repeatedly to unsuspecting customers, pocketing the money - a sometimes outrageous sum - entirely.[5] The practice of mizuage, alongside other forms of sex work, was made illegal following the introduction of the Prostitution Prevention Law (Baishun-bōshi-hō (売春防止法)) in 1956 in Japan.
Post-1956 to present day
Mineko Iwasaki, former high-ranking Gion geisha, detailed her experience of mizuage in her autobiography, Geisha, a Life. Describing her experience of graduation to geishahood with the term 'mizuage', Iwasaki described her experience as a round of formal visits to announce her graduation, including the presentation of gifts to related geisha houses and important patrons, and a cycle through five different hairstyles before graduating.[2]
Dalby relays the change between pre- and post-1956 attitudes to mizuage within the geisha community through her first-hand accounts with the geisha mothers of Ponto-chō:
"What about mizu-age now?" I asked, seeing this as a chance to find out more about sex in the geisha world..."It's all changed now," said the okāsan. "There's no mizu-age ceremony any more...All the maiko have been through junior high school, so they aren't as ignorant as we were - right, Ichiume? They pretty much pick their own boyfriends and patrons when they're ready. That's not the same as mizu-age."
Today, all maiko and geisha have full say over their personal choices regarding sex, and most maiko begin training, attending banquets, and interacting with customers aged 18 - though they may start living at the okiya as a shikomi (maids) for a few years before graduation to maiko status.
Though customers attending geisha parties and banquets generally expect some level of convivial and low-key flirtation, a maiko is likely to be considered off-limits as a younger and more vulnerable participant to such gatherings. Maiko are instead treated with generosity by guests cognizant of their relative inexperience at geisha parties.
In literature
Arthur Golden's novel Memoirs of a Geisha portrays mizuage as a financial arrangement in which a girl's virginity is sold to a "mizuage patron", generally someone who particularly enjoys sex with virgin girls, or merely enjoys the charms of an individual maiko.
Former geisha Sayo Masuda describes mizuage in her 1956 autobiography Autobiography of a Geisha as sexual exploitation. Masuda describes being sold multiple times by her okiya to men, ostensibly for the purposes of taking her virginity, under the pretence that she had not yet lost it. The transaction was explicitly a sexual arrangement, far removed from the ceremony of graduating into geishahood, netting the okiya a large profit; despite her personal experiences, Masuda argued against the outlawing of sex work in Japan, explaining that it provided a way for women to make an independent living when chosen as a profession, and through criminalisation, would merely be driven underground.
References
- ^ a b Seigle, Cecilia Segawa (1993). Yoshiwara: the glittering world of the Japanese courtesan. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. p. 179. ISBN 0-8248-1488-6. Retrieved 12 March 2020.
- ^ a b Iwasaki, Mineko (2003). Geisha: A Life. New York: Washington Square Press. pp. 205. ISBN 0743444299.
- ^ Ditmore, Melissa Hope (2006). Encyclopedia of prostitution and sex work. Connecticut: Greenwood Press. p. 184. ISBN 0-8248-1488-6. Retrieved 12 March 2020.
- ^ a b Dalby, Liza (2000). Geisha (3rd ed.). London: Vintage Random House. p. 115. ISBN 0099286386. Retrieved 12 March 2020.
- ^ Downer, Lesley (2000). Geisha: The Secret History of a Vanishing World. London: Headline Book Publishing. pp. 256–266. ISBN 978-0747271055.
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