Phosphate binder
Phosphate binders are medications used to reduce the absorption of dietary phosphate; they are taken along with meals and snacks. They are frequently used in people with chronic kidney failure (CKF), who are less able to excrete phosphate, resulting in an elevated serum phosphate.
Mechanism of action
These agents work by binding to phosphate in the GI tract, thereby making it unavailable to the body for absorption. Hence, these drugs are usually taken with meals to bind any phosphate that may be present in the ingested food. Phosphate binders may be simple molecular entities (such as magnesium, aluminium, calcium, or lanthanum salts) that react with phosphate and form an insoluble compound. Phosphate binders such as sevelamer may also be polymeric structures which bind to phosphate and are then excreted.[citation needed]
Medical use
For people with chronic kidney failure, controlling serum phosphate is important because it is associated with bone pathology and regulated together with serum calcium by the parathyroid hormone (PTH).[1]
They are also used in hypoparathyroidism which presents with hypocalcemia with hyperphosphatemia.[citation needed]
Adverse effects
With regard to phosphate binders, aluminium-containing compounds (such as aluminium hydroxide) are the least preferred because prolonged aluminium intake can cause encephalopathy and osteomalacia. If calcium is already being used as a supplement, additional calcium used as a phosphate binder may cause hypercalcemia and tissue-damaging calcinosis. One may avoid these adverse effects by using phosphate binders that do not contain calcium or aluminium as active ingredients, such as lanthanum carbonate or sevelamer.
Choice of agent
There have been limited trials comparing phosphate binders to placebo in the treatment of hyperphosphatemia in people with chronic kidney disease. When compared with people receiving calcium-based binders, people taking sevelamer have a reduced all-cause mortality.[1]
Types
| Phosphate Binder | Brands | Advantages | Disadvantages |
|---|---|---|---|
| Aluminum salts | Alucaps | Calcium free | Risk of aluminum toxicity |
| Basaljel | High binder efficiency regardless of pH | Requires frequent monitoring-extra cost | |
| Cheap | |||
| Moderate tablet burden | |||
| Calcium carbonate | Calcichew | Aluminum free | Calcium containing-potential risk of hypercalcemia and ectopic calcification |
| Titralac | Moderate binding efficacy | Parathyroid hormone oversuppression | |
| Relatively low cost | Gastrointestinal side effects | ||
| Moderate tablet burden | Efficacy pH dependent | ||
| Chewable | |||
| Calcium acetate | Lenal Ace | Aluminum free | Calcium containing-potential risk of hypercalcemia and ectopic calcification |
| PhosLo | Higher efficacy than calcichew/sevelamer | Parathyroid hormone oversuppression | |
| Moderately cheap | Gastrointestinal side effects | ||
| Lower calcium load than calcium carbonate | Large tablets & capsules, nonchewable formulation | ||
| Sevelamer hydrochloride/Sevelamer carbonate | Renagel | Aluminium and calcium free | Relatively costly |
| Renvela | No gastrointestinal absorption | High pill burden | |
| Moderate efficacy | Large tablets, nonchewable formulation | ||
| Reduces total and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol | Gastrointestinal side effects | ||
| Binds fat-soluble vitamins | |||
| Lanthanum carbonate | Fosrenol | Aluminum and calcium free | Relatively costly |
| Minimal gastrointestinal absorption | Gastrointestinal side effects | ||
| High efficacy across full pH range | Larger tablet size may cause choking if not chewed well | ||
| Chewable formulation | |||
| Palatable | |||
| Low tablet burden | |||
| Ferric Citrate | Auryxia | Iron based | Very costly |
| Tablets can be toxic to young children | |||
| Stool discoloration - may turn them black, obscuring intestinal bleeding |
References
- ^ Patel, L; Bernard, LM; Elder, GJ (14 December 2015). "Sevelamer versus calcium-based binders for treatment of hyperphosphatemia in CKD: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials". Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology. 11 (2): 232–244. doi:10.2215/CJN.06800615. PMC 4741042. PMID 26668024.
- ^ Burtis, C.A.; Ashwood, E.R. and Bruns, D.E. Tietz Textbook of Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics. 5th Edition. Elsevier. pp1552
- ^ Lederer E, Ouseph R, Erbeck K. Hyperphosphatemia, eMedicine.com, URL: Hyperphosphatemia: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology, Accessed on July 14, 2005.
- ^ Spiegel, David M.; Farmer, Beverly; Smits, Gerard; Chonchol, Michel (2007). "Magnesium Carbonate is an Effective Phosphate Binder for Chronic Hemodialysis Patients: A Pilot Study". Journal of Renal Nutrition. 17 (6): 416–22. doi:10.1053/j.jrn.2007.08.005. PMID 17971314.
External links
- High Phosphate Control - Official Fosrenol Homepage*
- Phosphate Binders: What Are They And How Do They Work? - American Association of Kidney Patients*
- Phosphate Binders - National Kidney Foundation
- Phosphate Binders - Northwest Kidney Centers - a center that provides services for people with ESRD in the Seattle area.
- High Phosphate - Phosphorus Control - Information for healthcare professionals on the treatment and management of hyperphosphatemia
Common Phosphate Binders
- Hutchison, A. J.; Wilkie, M. (2012). "Use of magnesium as a drug in chronic kidney disease". Clinical Kidney Journal. 5 (Suppl 1): i62–i70. doi:10.1093/ndtplus/sfr168. PMC 4455824. PMID 26069822.
- Lanthanum - medlineplus.org
- Sevelamer - medlineplus.org
- Sevelamer - Renvela.com