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Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
Beta-1,4-galactosyltransferase 2 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the B4GALT2 gene .[ 5] [ 6] [ 7]
This gene is one of seven beta-1,4-galactosyltransferase (beta4GalT) genes. They encode type II membrane-bound glycoproteins that appear to have exclusive specificity for the donor substrate UDP-galactose ; all transfer galactose in a beta1,4 linkage to similar acceptor sugars: GlcNAc , Glc , and Xyl. Each beta4GalT has a distinct function in the biosynthesis of different glycoconjugates and saccharide structures. As type II membrane proteins , they have an N-terminal hydrophobic signal sequence that directs the protein to the Golgi apparatus and which then remains uncleaved to function as a transmembrane anchor. By sequence similarity , the beta4GalTs form four groups: beta4GalT1 and beta4GalT2, beta4GalT3 and beta4GalT4, beta4GalT5 and beta4GalT6, and beta4GalT7. The enzyme encoded by this gene synthesizes N-acetyllactosamine in glycolipids and glycoproteins . Its substrate specificity is affected by alpha-lactalbumin but it is not expressed in lactating mammary tissue . Two transcript variants encoding the same protein have been found for this gene.[ 7]
References
^ a b c GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000117411 – Ensembl , May 2017^ a b c GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000028541 – Ensembl , May 2017^ "Human PubMed Reference:" . National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine .^ "Mouse PubMed Reference:" . National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine .^ Almeida R, Amado M, David L, Levery SB, Holmes EH, Merkx G, van Kessel AG, Rygaard E, Hassan H, Bennett E, Clausen H (Jan 1998). "A family of human beta4-galactosyltransferases. Cloning and expression of two novel UDP-galactose:beta-n-acetylglucosamine beta1, 4-galactosyltransferases, beta4Gal-T2 and beta4Gal-T3" . J Biol Chem . 272 (51): 31979–91. doi :10.1074/jbc.272.51.31979 PMID 9405390 . ^ Lo NW, Shaper JH, Pevsner J, Shaper NL (Aug 1998). "The expanding beta 4-galactosyltransferase gene family: messages from the databanks" . Glycobiology . 8 (5): 517–26. doi :10.1093/glycob/8.5.517 PMID 9597550 . ^ a b "Entrez Gene: B4GALT2 UDP-Gal:betaGlcNAc beta 1,4- galactosyltransferase, polypeptide 2" .
External links
Further reading
Amado M, Almeida R, Schwientek T, Clausen H (2000). "Identification and characterization of large galactosyltransferase gene families: galactosyltransferases for all functions". Biochim. Biophys. Acta . 1473 (1): 35–53. doi :10.1016/S0304-4165(99)00168-3 . PMID 10580128 . Kalyanaraman VS, Rodriguez V, Veronese F, et al. (1990). "Characterization of the secreted, native gp120 and gp160 of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1" . AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses . 6 (3): 371–80. doi :10.1089/aid.1990.6.371 . PMID 2187500 . Pal R, Hoke GM, Sarngadharan MG (1989). "Role of oligosaccharides in the processing and maturation of envelope glycoproteins of human immunodeficiency virus type 1" . Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A . 86 (9): 3384–8. Bibcode :1989PNAS...86.3384P . doi :10.1073/pnas.86.9.3384 PMC 287137 PMID 2541446 . Dewar RL, Vasudevachari MB, Natarajan V, Salzman NP (1989). "Biosynthesis and processing of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 envelope glycoproteins: effects of monensin on glycosylation and transport" . J. Virol . 63 (6): 2452–6. doi :10.1128/jvi.63.6.2452-2456.1989 . PMC 250699 PMID 2542563 . Kozarsky K, Penman M, Basiripour L, et al. (1989). "Glycosylation and processing of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 envelope protein". J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr . 2 (2): 163–9. PMID 2649653 . Robinson WE, Montefiori DC, Mitchell WM (1988). "Evidence that mannosyl residues are involved in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) pathogenesis". AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses . 3 (3): 265–82. doi :10.1089/aid.1987.3.265 . PMID 2829950 . Guo S, Sato T, Shirane K, Furukawa K (2002). "Galactosylation of N-linked oligosaccharides by human beta-1,4-galactosyltransferases I, II, III, IV, V, and VI expressed in Sf-9 cells" . Glycobiology . 11 (10): 813–20. doi :10.1093/glycob/11.10.813 PMID 11588157 . Strausberg RL, Feingold EA, Grouse LH, et al. (2003). "Generation and initial analysis of more than 15,000 full-length human and mouse cDNA sequences" . Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A . 99 (26): 16899–903. Bibcode :2002PNAS...9916899M . doi :10.1073/pnas.242603899 PMC 139241 PMID 12477932 . Ota T, Suzuki Y, Nishikawa T, et al. (2004). "Complete sequencing and characterization of 21,243 full-length human cDNAs" . Nat. Genet . 36 (1): 40–5. doi :10.1038/ng1285 PMID 14702039 . Gerhard DS, Wagner L, Feingold EA, et al. (2004). "The Status, Quality, and Expansion of the NIH Full-Length cDNA Project: The Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC)" . Genome Res . 14 (10B): 2121–7. doi :10.1101/gr.2596504 . PMC 528928 PMID 15489334 . Ben-Mahmud BM, Mann GE, Datti A, et al. (2005). "Tumor necrosis factor-alpha in diabetic plasma increases the activity of core 2 GlcNAc-T and adherence of human leukocytes to retinal endothelial cells: significance of core 2 GlcNAc-T in diabetic retinopathy" . Diabetes . 53 (11): 2968–76. doi :10.2337/diabetes.53.11.2968 PMID 15504978 . Sasaki N, Manya H, Okubo R, et al. (2005). "beta4GalT-II is a key regulator of glycosylation of the proteins involved in neuronal development". Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun . 333 (1): 131–7. doi :10.1016/j.bbrc.2005.05.082 . PMID 15939404 . Gregory SG, Barlow KF, McLay KE, et al. (2006). "The DNA sequence and biological annotation of human chromosome 1" . Nature . 441 (7091): 315–21. Bibcode :2006Natur.441..315G . doi :10.1038/nature04727 PMID 16710414 . Jiang J, Zhou J, Wei Y, et al. (2007). "beta4GalT-II increases cisplatin-induced apoptosis in HeLa cells depending on its Golgi localization". Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun . 358 (1): 41–6. doi :10.1016/j.bbrc.2007.04.044 . PMID 17470362 .
