Clinically isolated syndrome
A clinically isolated syndrome (CIS) is a clinical situation of an individual's first neurological episode, caused by inflammation or demyelination of nerve tissue. An episode may be monofocal, in which symptoms present at a single site in the central nervous system, or multifocal, in which multiple sites exhibit symptoms. CIS with enough paraclinical evidence can be considered as a clinical stage of multiple sclerosis (MS). It can also be retrospectively diagnosed as a kind of MS when more evidence is available.
Brain lesions associated with a clinically isolated syndrome may be indicative of several neurological diseases, like multiple sclerosis (MS) or neuromyelitis optica. In order for such a diagnosis, multiple sites in the central nervous system must present lesions, typically over multiple episodes, and for which no other diagnosis is likely. A clinically definitive diagnosis of MS is made once an MRI detects lesions in the brain, consistent with those typical of MS. Other diagnostics include cerebrospinal fluid analysis and evoked response testing.[1]
Currently it is considered that the best predictor of future development of clinical multiple sclerosis is the number of T2 lesions visualized by magnetic resonance imaging during the CIS[2] and their size.[3] It is normal to evaluate diagnostic criteria against the "time to conversion to definite".
In 2001, the International Panel on the Diagnosis of multiple sclerosis issued the McDonald criteria, a revision of the previous diagnostic procedures to detect MS, known as the Poser criteria. "While maintaining the basic requirements of dissemination in time and space, the McDonald criteria provided specific guidelines for using findings on MRI and cerebrospinal fluid analysis to provide evidence of the second attack in those individuals who have had a single demyelinating episode and thereby confirm the diagnosis more quickly."[4] Further revisions were issued in 2005.
2013 revision
The 1996 definition of the clinical courses of MS (phenotypes) was updated on 2013 by an international panel (International Advisory Committee on Clinical Trials).[citation needed]
While the main classification in 1996 was the recovery from the attacks (this clinical feature separates RR from progressive), in the updated revision the main classification is the activity.[citation needed]
MS courses in the new revision are divided into active and non-active, and CIS, when is active on MRI, becomes a kind of RRMS (this, of course, must be retrospectively diagnosed after the CDMS conversion)[5]
Some reviews describe CIS as "the prodromal stage of MS".[6]
CIS and conversion to MS
Before the 2010 McDonald criteria,[7] when it was not possible to prove dissemination of the lesions in space and time, the condition was called CIS and was considered outside the MS spectrum. As soon as dissemination was clear (a second lesion development) the situation was called "Conversion to MS".
The 2010 revision of the McDonald criteria allows the diagnosis of MS with only one proved lesion (CIS). Therefore, the 2013 revision of the phenotypes for the disease course, consistently, included CIS as one of the clinical phenotypes of MS.[5]
Therefore the former expression "conversion from CIS to MS", which is still in use, should be redefined consistently with the former changes, since CIS now is inside MS.[citation needed]
References
- ^ "Clinically Isolated Syndrome (CIS)". Library. Archived from the original on 2007-12-06. Retrieved 2007-10-27.
- ^ Cramer, Stig P; Modvig, Signe; Simonsen, Helle J; Frederiksen, Jette L; Larsson, Henrik B. W (2015). "Permeability of the blood–brain barrier predicts conversion from optic neuritis to multiple sclerosis". Brain. 138 (9): 2571–83. doi:10.1093/brain/awv203. PMC 4547053. PMID 26187333.
- ^ Crimi, Alessandro; Commowick, Olivier; Maarouf, Adil; Barillot, Christian (2014). "Predictive value of imaging markers at multiple sclerosis disease onset based on gadolinium-and USPIO-enhanced MRI and machine learning". PLOS ONE. 9 (4): e93024. Bibcode:2014PLoSO...993024C. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0093024. PMC 3972197. PMID 24691080.
- ^ McDonald, W. Ian; Compston, Alistair; Edan, Gilles; Goodkin, Donald; Hartung, Hans-Peter; Lublin, Fred D; McFarland, Henry F; Paty, Donald W; Polman, Chris H; Reingold, Stephen C; Sandberg-Wollheim, Magnhild; Sibley, William; Thompson, Alan; Van Den Noort, Stanley; Weinshenker, Brian Y; Wolinsky, Jerry S (2001). "Recommended diagnostic criteria for multiple sclerosis: Guidelines from the international panel on the diagnosis of multiple sclerosis". Annals of Neurology. 50 (1): 121–7. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.466.5368. doi:10.1002/ana.1032. PMID 11456302. S2CID 13870943.
- ^ a b Lublin, F. D; Reingold, S. C; Cohen, J. A; Cutter, G. R; Sorensen, P. S; Thompson, A. J; Wolinsky, J. S; Balcer, L. J; Banwell, B; Barkhof, F; Bebo, B; Calabresi, P. A; Clanet, M; Comi, G; Fox, R. J; Freedman, M. S; Goodman, A. D; Inglese, M; Kappos, L; Kieseier, B. C; Lincoln, J. A; Lubetzki, C; Miller, A. E; Montalban, X; O'Connor, P. W; Petkau, J; Pozzilli, C; Rudick, R. A; Sormani, M. P; et al. (2014). "Defining the clinical course of multiple sclerosis: The 2013 revisions". Neurology. 83 (3): 278–86. doi:10.1212/WNL.0000000000000560. PMC 4117366. PMID 24871874.
- ^ Dupont, Anne-Claire; Largeau, Bérenger; Santiago Ribeiro, Maria; Guilloteau, Denis; Tronel, Claire; Arlicot, Nicolas (2017). "Translocator Protein-18 kDa (TSPO) Positron Emission Tomography (PET) Imaging and Its Clinical Impact in Neurodegenerative Diseases". International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 18 (4): 785. doi:10.3390/ijms18040785. PMC 5412369. PMID 28387722.
- ^ Polman, Chris H; Reingold, Stephen C; Banwell, Brenda; Clanet, Michel; Cohen, Jeffrey A; Filippi, Massimo; Fujihara, Kazuo; Havrdova, Eva; Hutchinson, Michael; Kappos, Ludwig; Lublin, Fred D; Montalban, Xavier; O'Connor, Paul; Sandberg-Wollheim, Magnhild; Thompson, Alan J; Waubant, Emmanuelle; Weinshenker, Brian; Wolinsky, Jerry S (2011). "Diagnostic criteria for multiple sclerosis: 2010 Revisions to the McDonald criteria". Annals of Neurology. 69 (2): 292–302. doi:10.1002/ana.22366. PMC 3084507. PMID 21387374.