This is an old revision of this page, as edited by Larry Hockett(talk | contribs) at 19:40, 19 July 2022(Undid revision 1099248486 by Marc Goul (talk) this depends on jurisdiction; registration doesn't seem to exist in most parts of the world). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this revision, which may differ significantly from the current revision.
Revision as of 19:40, 19 July 2022 by Larry Hockett(talk | contribs)(Undid revision 1099248486 by Marc Goul (talk) this depends on jurisdiction; registration doesn't seem to exist in most parts of the world)
Infection control was very different in historical dentistry when compared to dentistry nowadays in 2018. Dental assistants and dentists did not wear all or if any personal protection equipment when practicing. We can see that the dentist, in this case on the left, is not wearing a mask, gloves or eye protection (apart from his glasses). Additionally, the dental assistant on the right, is also not wearing any gloves, mask or eye protection.
C. Edmund Kells, a pioneering dentist operating from New Orleans, enlisted the first dental assistant.[3][4] The dental field was initially dominated by males, but after this first addition of a female, it was then acceptable for women to seek dental treatment without their husbands. This led to dental assistants of that era also being known as "Ladies in Attendance".[5] Thanks to the addition of women to dentistry, the profession flourished with more and more women seeking treatment and more patients overall receiving care.[4]
The first association
It was not until almost four decades later that in 1923 the first dental assistant association was founded by Juliette Southard, named the American Dental Assistant Association and it is still in practise now.[6] It began with just five members, now reaching more than 10,000.[6]
Roles
The dental assistant's role is often thought to be to support the dental operator by typically passing instruments during clinical procedures. However, in fact, their role extends much further to include: providing patients help with their oral hygiene skills, preparing the patient for treatment, sterilising instruments, assisting during general anaesthetic dental procedures, positioning suction devices, exposing dental radiographs, taking dental impressions, recording patient notes and administration roles such as scheduling appointments.[2]
Infection control
It was customary for oral health care workers and dental assistants in the 1980s to practice oral health care without wearing gloves, masks or eye protection.[7] This was at a crucial time due to the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) spreading rapidly at a global rate.[7] However, in 2018 gloves, masks and eye protection have become part of the standard infection control guidelines which has been implemented in all oral health care settings as a means of preventing the spread of infectious disease.[8]Infection control in oral health care not only protects the patient but it also protects the oral health care workers.[7] This includes: dentists, dental specialists, oral health therapists, dental hygienists and dental assistants.[7]
Dental assistants play a crucial role in maintaining high levels of infection control in the oral health care setting.[7] The dental assistant is the major link between oral health care workers and the patient.[citation needed] To perform infection control responsibilities well, the dental assistant must have the appropriate education, training and work experience. Examples of infection control protocols that the dental assistant needs to follow in an oral health setting include:
Gloves, gown, hair net and eye protection are essential barrier protection items that enable the dental assistant to reduce the transmission of infectious diseases to themselves, other dental co-workers and patients.[8] Gloves and masks need to be disposed after each patient, eyewear can be disposable or reusable and gowns need to be replaced if visibly soiled.[8] Lastly, footwear must include leather closed toe shoes; this minimises the risk of sharps injury.[8]
Surgical procedures and aseptic technique
It is crucial to wear sterile gloves when the dental assistant is assisting in surgery with the oral health care clinician.[8] Hand hygiene using antimicrobial soap and water is imperial to maintaining adequate infection control in this setting, as this minimises the risk of infection.[8]
Management of sharps injury
It is crucial that sharp instruments which include: needles, scalers, scalpels, burs, orthodontics bands and endodontic files need to be handled with care and appropriate techniques to minimise any potential sharps injury.[8] Sharps also need to be disposed accordingly into the sharps containers, separate from other disposable bins.[8] The dental assistant needs to be aware of what is required to go into the sharps containers and what is not.[8] This minimises the chance of spreading infectious diseases.[8]
Container for medical sharps and infectious waste - typically found in dental surgeries.
Management of clinical waste
It is imperative that when performing change over, that the dental assistant is able to distinguish the difference between medical related waste compared to contaminated waste.[8] Contaminated waste needs to be placed in a leak proof thick yellow bag with a biohazard symbol label.[8]
Environment
The dental assistant should put on utility gloves when cleaning working surfaces during the changeover between patients. Each person in the dental office needs to have his or her own pair/s of utility gloves.[9][10] They must also be able to distinguish between clean and dirty zones as this minimises the spread of infectious diseases between co-workers and patients.[8] Additionally, plastic barriers are placed on: instruments such as; hand pieces connected to the chair, overhead lights, amalgamators, x-ray machines, mixing materials and other miscellaneous dental instruments, materials or appliances.[11] One of the roles that the dental assistant participates in is changing these plastic barriers after each patient has left that surgery.[11] This ensures that the surgery is set up ready for the next patient.[11]
These infection control procedures and protocols not only apply to the dental assistant, but to all co-workers in the oral health care setting.[8] However, the dental assistant is the major connection between the patient and the oral health care clinician.[8] Therefore, it is imperative that they follow these guidelines to minimise the risk of spreading possible infectious diseases to co-workers, patients and themselves.[8]
Sterilisation, disinfectant and antiseptic
Dental assistants play a large role in ensuring that the reusable dental instruments used daily in dental practices are sterilised adequately after each use.[12]Sterilisation is an essential part of the infection control protocol. This can be defined as free of all life forms where the elimination of considerable number of the most heat resistant spores (bacterial and mycotic) is the basic criteria sterilisation. Sterilisation process consists of[13]
Autoclaving where moist heat kills bacteria by denaturation of high protein- containing bacteria at 250F (121 °C) for 15 to 20 minutes or 270 F for 3 minutes. Biological monitors and Process indicators are 2 methods used to ensure the effectiveness of sterilization process.
Biological monitor (spore test) where bacterial spores are placed in strips or envelops along with the instruments. This method shows that the microorganisms have been eradicated and must be conducted weekly.
Process indicators; where the load has reached a certain temperature, the indicators change their colour.
Dry heat sterilization which requires a higher temperature and longer time (1–2 hours) than steam autoclave, therefore, only glass or metal objects can be steamed by dry heat.
Chemiclave by using Ethylene oxide at relatively low temperature for 2–3 hours.
Cold/ chemical test which can be done by soaking instruments (heat- sensitive) in a specific chemical solution such as 2% glutaraldehyde for 10 hours in order to kill bacterial spores. However, this method does not destroy hepatitis viruses and spores.
Disinfectant is also one of the major roles of dental assistant where chemicals applied to inanimate surfaces such as lab tops, counter tops, headrests, light handles, etc. This is to make sure that germicide and/or microbiostatic are achieved.[14]Antiseptic chemical agents similar to disinfectants but they may be applied safely to living tissue, is another task for dental assistant where Alcohol is the most commonly used.[14]
Health promotion
Dental assistants make a difference in the community by participating in health promotion activities and programs. These programs may take place at schools, preschools, immunisation events or at maternal health clinics. Dental operators may also be supported by dental assistants during pre-school or school screenings.[15]
Dental assistants can extend their scope to provide oral health promotion to patients in Australia by completing the Certificate IV in Dental Assisting (Oral Health Promotion).[16] The dental assistant will have the ability to implement an individualised oral health promotion program and oral hygiene program. After the appropriate training the dental assistant may;
Health promotion for good oral health.Residential aged care and dental assistants engaging in recreational activities - its not always about teeth.
Promote the dental team concept in achieving good oral health and promoting good oral hygiene habits
Assist in making dental treatment accessible and affordable to the community
Perform health promotion activities by promoting good oral health to the community
Support and educate on oral health promotion to allied health professionals
Dental assistants help other dental and allied health professionals in health promotion. These dental assistants implement oral health programs by providing resources and presentation promoting oral health messages to several target groups and community settings.[17] These settings include:
Currently in Australia, dental assistants are not required to be registered under the Dental Board of Australia.[18] However, dental assistants who have attained their certificate IV in dental assisting – Dental Radiography must hold a current license with the relative state or territory radiation authority.[18] Dental assistants that decide to take on further study into their certificate IV in dental assisting - dental radiography, have an advantage of exposing patients to radiation also known as an x-ray, with regards to oral health care.[18] The dental assistant will take training to further their practical and theoretical skills relevant to the role of the dental radiographer.[18]
Dental Radiography - pictures of intra oral radiographs of the whole mouth.
Upon successful completion of the training program dependent on the course structure, the dental assistant may:
Expose intra-oral radiographs that ensures an optimum radiographic image.[19]
School screening where children are screened for dental decay or gum disease or other abnormalities of the mouth.
Looking to the future of dentistry and oral health, the roles for dental assistants are ever-changing and expanding. With the increase in an ageing population, it will become more and more commonplace for dental assistants to be employed to support dental operators with providing oral health promotion and treatment within residential care facilities.[20]
Increasing demand to match new dental graduates
The number of newly graduated dentists and dental auxiliaries is increasing and with that the need for dental assistants.[1] According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics of America the rate of employed dental assistants will likely increase by 18% in the ten years between 2014 and 2024.[1] With an increase in dental assistants comes the possibility of extension in the dental assistant roles and scope. As seen in some states of the United States of America, dental assistants are able to perform some simple fillings with the supervision of a practising dentist.[1] By allowing dental assistants to extend their scope alongside the appropriate training, the workload of the other members of the dental team is lessened and increases efficiency of the dental clinic management. This may have the potential to reach other countries in the future as the need for dental and oral health treatments increase.[1]
Variations around the world
Dental assistant roles can vary depending on different country qualifications and regulations. Below are examples of dental assisting roles which the dental assistant is able to perform, respective to that country.
Australia
Australian Flag - animated.
According to the Australian Government, Department of Health, in 2006 there were 15,381 registered dental assistants supporting dental operators. Of those, 171 were Indigenous.
In Australia Dental Assistants should have the following skills:[21][22]
be organised and an efficient manager of their time
be meticulous and pays great attention to detail
possess good manual dexterity
enjoy responsibility
have the ability to comprehend and follow instructions
be skilled at multitasking
Dental Assistants work as part of a wider dental team, primarily with Dentists, but also with Dental Specialists, Oral Health Therapists, Dental Therapists, Dental Technitions, Dental Hygienists and Dental Prosthetists.[24][25]
Dental practitioner and dental assistant working in conjunction with one another.arranging and handing instruments, medication, and other dental requisites to Dental Practitioners
preparing dental materials and processing X-rays
using suction devices and water sprays
performing routine maintenance on equipment
sterilising and preventing cross infection of equipment[citation needed]
may advise patients on dental health education and post-operative care and procedures[28]
may act as receptionist for Dental Practitioners
may perform billing and other clerical tasks
Education and licensing
No formal education is required (trainership)
Formal education and training (Certificate III and Certificate IV in Dental Assisting)
School based Traineeship for years 11 and 12 students
VICTORIA
Education Provider
Qualification
Course Type
Course Length (months)
Type
Bendigo Tafe
Certificate III Dental Assisting
Certificate III
12
Part Time
Bendigo Tafe
Certificate IV Dental Assisting
Certificate IV
12-18
Full Time
Bendigo Tafe
Certificate IV Dental Assisting
Certificate IV
18-24
Part Time
Box Hill Institute Tafe
Certificate III Dental Assisting
Certificate III
12
Full Time
Chisholm Tafe
Certificate III Dental Assisting
Certificate III
9
Part Time
1day/week
Chisholm Tafe
Certificate III Dental Assisting
Certificate III
5
Part Time
2day/week
GOTAFE
Goulburn Ovens Institute of TAFE
Certificate III Dental Assisting
Certificate III
643 hours
Flexible
RMIT University
Certificate III Dental Assisting
Certificate III
12
Part Time
RMIT University
Certificate III Dental Assisting
Certificate III
12
Part Time
RMIT University
Certificate IV Dental Assisting
Certificate IV
12
Part Time
2-3day/month
Partners in Training (Private)
Certificate III Dental Assisting
Certificate III
12
Part Time
Partners in Training (Private)
Certificate IV Dental Assisting
Certificate IV
12
Part Time
Menzies Institute of
Technology (Private)
Certificate III Dental Assisting
Certificate III
6 (for those with more than 12
months work experience
FullTime
Menzies Institute of
Technology (Private)
Certificate III Dental Assisting
Certificate III
12 (for those with less than 12
months work experience
Traineeship
Menzies Institute of
Technology (Private)
Certificate IV Dental Assisting
Certificate IV
6
Full Time
NEW SOUTH WALES
Education Provider
Qualification
Course Type
Course Length
(months)
Type
North Coast TAFE Institute
Certificate III Dental Assisting
Certificate III
12
Part Time
North Coast TAFE Institute
Certificate IV Dental Assisting
Certificate IV
12
Part Time
Hunter Institute TAFE
Certificate III Dental Assisting
Certificate III
12
Part Time
Hunter Institute TAFE
Certificate IV Dental Assisting
(Radiography)
Certificate IV
12
Part Time
Hunter Institute TAFE
Certificate IV Dental Assisting
(Oral Health Promotion)
Certificate IV
12
Part Time
Illawarra Institute TAFE
Certificate III Dental Assisting
Certificate III
12-24
Part Time
Illawarra Institute TAFE
Certificate III Dental Assisting
Certificate III
12
Traineeship
Sydney Institute TAFE
Certificate III Dental Assisting
Certificate III
12-24
Part Time
Sydney Institute TAFE
Certificate III Dental Assisting
Certificate III
12
Traineeship
Western Sydney Institute TAFE
Certificate III Dental Assisting
Certificate III
12-24
Part Time
Western Sydney Institute TAFE
Certificate III Dental Assisting
Certificate III
12
Traineeship
Open Training & Education Network
TAFE NSW
Certificate III Dental Assisting
Certificate III
12
Traineeship
Open Training & Education Network
TAFE NSW
Certificate III Dental Assisting
Certificate III
12-24
Part Time
Open Training & Education Network
TAFE NSW
Certificate IV Dental Assisting
Certificate IV
12
Traineeship
Open Training & Education Network
TAFE NSW
Certificate IV Dental Assisting
Certificate IV
12-24
Part Time
Dental Assistants Professional Association
Certificate III Dental Assisting
Certificate III
12
Part Time
Dental Assistants Professional Association
Certificate III Dental Assisting
Certificate III
12
Traineeship
TrEd College
Certificate III Dental Assisting
Certificate III
6
Full Time
QUEENSLAND
Education Provider
Qualification
Course Type
Course Length (months)
Type
Queensland TAFE
Certificate III Dental Assisting
Certificate III
12
Part Time
Queensland TAFE
Certificate III Dental Assisting
Certificate III
12
Traineeship
ADA Queensland
Certificate III Dental Assisting
Certificate III
12
Part Time
ADA Queensland
Certificate IV Dental Assisting
Certificate IV
12
Full Time
Health Academy Australia
(Queensland)
Certificate III Dental Assisting
Certificate III
12
Part Time
NORTHERN TERRITORY
Education Provider
Qualification
Course Type
Course Length (months)
Type
Department of Health (NT)
Certificate III Dental Assisting
Certificate III
12
Part Time
Department of Health (NT)
Certificate III Dental Assisting
Certificate III
12
Traineeship
WESTERN AUSTRALIA
Education Provider
Qualification
Course Type
Course Length (months)
Type
DNA Kingston Training
Certificate III Dental Assisting
Certificate III
12
Part Time
DNA Kingston Training
Certificate IV Dental Assisting
Certificate IV
12
Part Time
North Metropolitan TAFE
Certificate IV Dental Assisting
Certificate IV
12
Full Time
South Regional TAFE
Certificate III Dental Assisting
Certificate III
6
Full Time
South Regional TAFE
Certificate IV Dental Assisting
Certificate IV
6
Full Time
West Australian Institute
of Further Studies
Certificate III Dental Assisting
Certificate III
12
Part Time
West Australian Institute
of Further Studies
Certificate IV Dental Assisting
Certificate IV
12
Part Time
SOUTH AUSTRALIA
Education Provider
Qualification
Course Type
Course Length (months)
Type
TAFE SA
Certificate III Dental Assisting
Certificate III
6
Full Time
TAFE SA
Certificate III Dental Assisting
Certificate III
12
Part Time
TAFE SA
Certificate IV Dental Assisting
Certificate IV
12
Part Time
TASMANIA
Education Provider
Qualification
Course Type
Course Length (months)
Type
TASTAFE
Certificate III Dental Assisting
Certificate III
12
Traineeship
Australian Dental assistants perform limited and restricted duties and are not permitted to perform any of the following:[18][29]
any irreversible procedure on the human teeth or jaw or associated structures[18][29]
correcting malpositions of the human teeth or jaw or associated structures;[18][29]
fitting or intra-orally adjusting artificial teeth or corrective or restorative dental appliances for a person[18][29]
performing any irreversible procedure on, or the giving of any treatment or advice to, a person that is preparatory to or for the purpose of fitting, inserting, adjusting, fixing, constructing, repairing or renewing artificial dentures or a restorative dental appliance[18][29]
Dental Assisting is not a registered profession in Australia and as such training courses are not mandatory, although those with nationally recognised qualifications will enjoy the benefits of higher wages and better employment opportunities.[18]
There is no formal training required of entry level dental assistants in order to commence or undertake work in private practice in Australia.[30] Most dental assistants gain practical experience at a place of employment although there are vocational qualifications which are nationally recognised and highly recommended for increasing a person's job prospects, remuneration, and professional development.[18]
The National Vocational Qualification HLT35015 Certificate III in Dental Assisting is the entry level of vocational training for dental assisting while HLT45015 Certificate IV in Dental Assisting are suitable for those who seek to further their skills and duties and elect units from particular streams such as dental radiography, oral health promotion, practice administration, general anaesthesia and conscious sedation.[18][30] These formal qualifications can be offered only by registered training organisations such as TAFE and professional associations while Certificate III in Dental Assisting may also be offered as a traineeship in most States of Australia and as a School-based Traineeship for years 11 and 12 in some States.[18][30]
Currently dental assistants are not required to be registered under the Dental Board of Australia or with any State and Territory Boards since dental assisting is not a registered profession. Dental Assistants who have attained a Certificate IV in Dental Assisting – Dental Radiography and are required to operate dental radiography apparatus as part of their job role, must hold a current license with the relevant state or territory Radiation Authority.[18]
Dental assistants are strongly encouraged to have current vaccinations for Hepatitis B, and Tetanus along with the normal childhood vaccination recommendations (Measles, mumps, varicella, polio) and influenza. Many state and territory public health care facilities and training providers will require students and workers to present evidence of Hepatitis B immunity and the results of a criminal history check prior to commencing clinical placement. Most private dental clinics will also require employees to have current vaccination records and may also require workers to undertake annual influenza vaccinations.[31][32]
United States
Flag of the United States.
According to Occupational Employment Statistics, in the USA in 2017 there are a total of 337,160 Dental Assistants:[33] they all should have the following personal qualities:[34][35][36]
Unlike Australia, in the USA dental assisting is a registered profession represented by the American Dental Assistants Association (ADAA)[37][38] and members should possess both front desk and chairside skills.[39]
In some U.S. states, dental assistants can work in the field without a college degree, while in other states, dental assistants must be licensed or registered.[34]
Dental assistants can receive formal education through academic programs at community colleges, vocational schools, career colleges, technical institutes, universities and dental schools with most programs needing only 8 to 11 months to complete.[34]
The Commission on Dental Accreditation of the American Dental Association accredits dental assisting school programs, of which there are over 200 in the United States.[43]
To become a Certified Dental Assistant, or CDA, dental assistants must take the DANB (Dental Assisting National Board) CDA examination after they have completed an accredited dental assisting program,[44] while those who have been trained on the job or have graduated from non-accredited programs are eligible to take the national certification examination after they have completed two years of full-time work experience as dental assistants.[45][46] Some dentists are willing to pay a dental assistant-in-training that has a good attitude and work ethic.[45][47]
In the USA the Dental Assisting National Board offers three nationally recognised certifications, namely:[34]
Expanded duties dental assistants or expanded functions dental assistants,[48] as they are known in some states, may work one on one with the patient performing restorations after the doctor has removed decay[41][42] Ideally, a dental assistant should have both administrative and clinical skills although it's still acceptable to have one or the other.
Duties may also include seating and preparing the patient, charting, mixing dental materials, providing patient education and post-operative instructions. They also keep track with inventory control and ordering supplies.
United Kingdom
Flag of the United Kingdom (3-5).
In the UK, Registered Dental Nurses are prohibited from carrying out any form of direct dental treatment on the patient, including teeth whitening procedures, under the GDC scope of practice.[49] Dental nurses found to be carrying out dental procedures are liable to be removed from the statutory GDC register.[50]
taking responsibility for the decontamination of instruments
maintaining dental operating equipment
ensuring that all relevant materials and supplies are in place
looking after patient records – including making notes when the dentist is examining a patient
working closely with the dentist, responding quickly to requests and generally keeping the surgery ready for use
Those with additional training or skills developed during their careers can undertake expanded duties that may include:[49][52][53]
providing oral health education and health promotion
assisting in the treatment of patients under conscious sedation
assisting in the treatment of patients with special needs
intra-oral photography
shade taking
placing rubber dam
measuring and recording plaque indices
pouring, casting and trimming study models
removing sutures after the wound has been checked by a clinician
apply fluoride varnish as part of programme that is overseen by a consultant or specialist in a public dental health setting
constructing occlusal registration rims and special trays
repairing acrylic components of removable appliances
tracing cephalograms
Entry level working as a trainee dental nurse does not require any qualification, but progression to qualified dental nurse requires completion of a formal course of study, either part or full-time, approved by the General Dental Council. A minimum 2 GCSEs (C grade or above) in English language and maths or a science subject are usually required for part-time courses while full-time courses may require evidence of A-level or AS-level study. A level 3 apprenticeship in dental nursing is an alternative pathway to gaining the required qualifications in dental nursing.[50]
Ireland
Flag of Ireland.
In Ireland dental assistants have the following tasks:[54][55]
and be prepared to work closely providing support & assistance during the provision of dental treatment
In the Republic of Ireland, it is often dental nurses (and teeth whitening technicians) who carry out teeth whitening procedures rather than dentists.[56]
This practice mainly occurs in clinics focusing solely on laser teeth whitening. In Ireland, registration as a dental nurse with The Irish Dental Council is voluntary; however, nurses who are registered and who carry out teeth whitening may face disciplinary action if caught.[54][56]
^Hall M, Christian B (October 2017). "A health-promoting community dental service in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia: protocol for the North Richmond model of oral health care". Australian Journal of Primary Health. 23 (5): 407–414. doi:10.1071/PY17007. PMID28823310.
^Dyer TA, Brocklehurst P, Glenny AM, Davies L, Tickle M, Issac A, Robinson PG (August 2014). "Dental auxiliaries for dental care traditionally provided by dentists". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (8): CD010076. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD010076.pub2. PMID25140869.
^Petersen PE, Torres AM (June 1999). "Preventive oral health care and health promotion provided for children and adolescents by the Municipal Dental Health Service in Denmark". International Journal of Paediatric Dentistry. 9 (2): 81–91. doi:10.1046/j.1365-263x.1999.00111.x. PMID10530216.
^Better oral health in residential care: staff portfolio. Adelaide: South Australian Dental Service, Government of South Australia. 2009. ISBN978-0-7308-9791-0.
^McMullen G (March 1997). "The ideal dental assistant. What makes an exceptional dental assistant?". Ontario Dentist. 74 (2): 31–2, 34. PMID9470599.
^ abHall M, Christian B (October 2017). "A health-promoting community dental service in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia: protocol for the North Richmond model of oral health care". Australian Journal of Primary Health. 23 (5): 407–414. doi:10.1071/py17007. PMID28823310.
^ abcdeFraser HJ (1995). "The training and examination of dental nurses in New Zealand and Australia". British Dental Nurses' Journal. 54 (3): 12. PMID9790009.
^ abcChrisopoulos S, Beckwith K, Harford J (2011). Oral health and dental care in Australia : key facts and figures 2011. Canberra: Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. ISBN978-1-74249-266-7. OCLC768469756.
^ abSpadaro SE (January 2009). "One profession, many hats". Dental Assistant. 78 (1): 4, 48. PMID19260391.
^Dietz-Bourguignon E (2006). Materials and procedures for today's dental assistant. Clifton Park, NY: Thomson Delmar Learning. ISBN978-1-4018-3733-4. OCLC57251365.
^Weber K (November 2011). "Is your dental assistant practicing legally?". The Journal of the Michigan Dental Association. 93 (11): 50–5. PMID22235567.
^Mitchell M (2013). Clinical primer : a pocket guide for dental assistants (2nd ed.). Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. ISBN978-1-4511-0508-7. OCLC778040161.
^Michigan Dental Association (August 2007). "The MDA's new policy on non-accredited dental assistant training programs". The Journal of the Michigan Dental Association. 89 (8): 50, 52–3. PMID17844678.
^Hernandez A, Montellano V (November 2011). "Integrity, service and excellence: the experiences of USAF dental assistant instructors". Dental Assistant. 80 (6): 40–1. PMID22359820.
^"Directions: Above and beyond the call of duty". Nursing Standard. 1 (3): 20. 1987-09-23. doi:10.7748/ns.1.3.20.s53.
^ abGorter RC, Freeman R (February 2011). "Burnout and engagement in relation with job demands and resources among dental staff in Northern Ireland". Community Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology. 39 (1): 87–95. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0528.2010.00568.x. PMID20735447.
^ abSheridan C (January 2011). "Dental nursing abroad: rules, regulations and requirements 6". Dental Nursing. 7 (1): 36–40. doi:10.12968/denn.2011.7.1.36.