Comité des Citoyens
The Comité des Citoyens ('Citizens' Committee' in French) was a civil rights group made up of African Americans, whites, and Creoles. It is most well known for its involvement in Plessy v. Ferguson. The Citizens' Committee was opposed to racial segregation and was responsible for multiple demonstrations in which African Americans rode on the "white" cars of trains.[1]
A prominent member of the group was Louis A. Martinet, a politician, journalist, and lawyer who is credited with much of the thinking behind their legal strategy.[2]
History
In 1890, the State of Louisiana passed the Separate Car Act, which required separate accommodations for Black and white people on railroads, including separate railroad cars.[3] At the suggestion of Aristide Mary, a wealthy Creole landowner who was active in Louisiana's Reconstruction era politics, including running for governor in 1872,[4] a group of 18 prominent black, creole of color, and white creole New Orleans residents met at the offices of The New Orleans Crusader, a black Republican newspaper, and formed the Comité des Citoyens to challenge the law. Many of the Crusader's staff were among the group's members, including the paper's publisher, Martinet, and the writer Rodolphe Desdunes.[5] Mary's aim was to establish a "dignified" organization that would mount legal challenges to Louisiana's new segregation policies.[6]
Plessy v. Ferguson
In 1892 by the Citizens' Committee recruited Homer Plessy, who was 1/8 African American,[7] to violate the Separate Car Act. Additionally, the committee hired private Detective Chris C. Cain to arrest Plessy and ensure that he be charged for violating the Separate Car Act, as opposed to a misdemeanor such as disturbing the peace. Plessy sat in the "whites-only" passenger car. When the conductor came to collect his ticket, Plessy told him that he was 7/8 white and that he refused to sit in the "blacks-only" car. Plessy was immediately arrested by Detective Chris C. Cain, put into the Orleans Parish jail, and released the next day on a $500 bond.[8]
The judge presiding over his case, John Howard Ferguson, ruled that Louisiana had the right to regulate railroad companies while they operated within state boundaries. The Citizens' Committee took Plessy's appeal to the Supreme Court of Louisiana, where he again found an unreceptive ear, as the state Supreme Court upheld Ferguson's ruling.[8] The Committee appealed to the United States Supreme Court in 1896.[9] In the seven-to-one decision handed down on May 18, 1896 (Justice David Josiah Brewer did not participate because of the recent death of his daughter), the Court rejected Plessy's arguments based on the Fourteenth Amendment, seeing no way in which the Louisiana statute violated it.[8]
After the decision by the Supreme Court the Citizens' Committee stated, "We, as freemen, still believe that we were right and our cause is sacred."[10] Plessy returned to Ferguson's court, pleaded guilty, and was sentenced to pay a $25 fine, which the Comité des Citoyens paid[11] before disbanding.[12]
References
- ^ Shay, Alison (May 18, 2012). "Remembering Homer Plessy". Publishing the Long Civil Rights Movement. Archived from the original on January 31, 2017. Retrieved January 19, 2017.
- ^ Adelson, Jeff. "Here are final recommendations to rename 37 New Orleans streets, parks". NOLA.com. Archived from the original on 2021-02-25. Retrieved 2021-03-04.
- ^ "Plessy v. Ferguson". Encyclopedia of American Studies. 2010. Retrieved December 22, 2012.
- ^ Desdunes, Rodolphe Lucien (2001). "Politics and the Sense of Duty — Mr. Aristide Mary and the Citizens' Committee [...]". Our People and Our History: Fifty Creole Portraits. Translated by McCants, Dorothea Olga. Baton Rouge, Louisiana: Louisiana State University Press. p. 140. ISBN 0-8071-2740-X – via Google Books.
- ^ Medley 2003, p. 31
- ^ Desdunes 2001, p. 141.
- ^ A Dictionary of Louisiana Biography. 1988. p. 655.
- ^ a b c Reckdahl, Katy (February 11, 2009). "Plessy and Ferguson Unveil Plaque Today Marking Their Ancestors' Actions". The Times Picayune. Retrieved January 19, 2017.
- ^ Thomas, Brinley (1973). "Journal of American Studies". Migration and Urban Development. 7. JSTOR 27553056.
- ^ Medley 2003
- ^ Fireside 2004, p. 229
- ^ Elliott 2006, p. 294
Bibliography
- Elliott, Mark (2006). Color-Blind Justice: Albion Tourgée and the Quest for Racial Equality from the Civil War to Plessy v. Ferguson. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-518139-5.
- Fireside, Harvey (2004). Separate and Unequal: Homer Plessy and the Supreme Court Decision That Legalized Racism. New York: Carroll & Graf. ISBN 0-7867-1293-7.
- Medley, Keith Weldon (2003). We As Freemen: Plessy v. Ferguson. Gretna, LA: Pelican. ISBN 1-58980-120-2.