Sporobolus foliosus
| Sporobolus foliosus | |
|---|---|
| |
Scientific classification 
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| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Clade: | Tracheophytes |
| Clade: | Angiosperms |
| Clade: | Monocots |
| Clade: | Commelinids |
| Order: | Poales |
| Family: | Poaceae |
| Genus: | Sporobolus |
| Species: | S. foliosus
|
| Binomial name | |
| Sporobolus foliosus (Trin.)
| |
| Synonyms | |
|
List
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Sporobolus foliosus is a species of grass known by the common name California cordgrass.[1] It was reclassified from Spartina foliosa after a taxonomic revision in 2014.[2] It is native to the salt marshes and mudflats of coastal California and Baja California, especially San Francisco Bay. It is a perennial grass growing from short rhizomes. It produces single stems or clumps of thick, fleshy stems that grow up to 1.5 meters tall. They are green or purple-tinged. The long, narrow leaves are flat or rolled inward. The inflorescence is a narrow, dense, spike-like stick of branches appressed together, the unit reaching up to 25 centimeters long. The lower spikelets are sometimes enclosed in the basal sheaths of upper leaves.
This native plant is seriously threatened by the invasion of its North American Atlantic coast relative smooth cordgrass (Sporobolus alterniflorus), which is not native to the Pacific coast. S. alterniflorus was introduced to San Francisco Bay in the 1970s and it quickly began to hybridize with S. foliosus. Hybrids generally outcompete the native plant and spread rapidly, threatening S. foliosus with localized extirpation.[3] The two species reproduce at the same time of year, and the invader sheds large amounts of pollen that fertilize the flowers of the native, so that the majority of an affected native plant's offspring are hybrids.[3] This is an example of genetic pollution.[4] S. alterniflorus × foliosus hybrids have spread rapidly because they are much more genetically fit than either parental species, an example of hybrid vigor.[5] However, S. foliosus is still the dominant plant at lower tidal elevations in most salt marshes around San Francisco Bay,[6] and numerous locations within the Bay have remained uninfested during ongoing efforts to eradicate S. alterniflorus and hybrids. Restoration of tidal marsh habitat is in progress at multiple sites, including the planting of cultivated S. foliosus harvested from uninfested locations and propagated in a nursery.[7][8]
References
- ^ USDA, NRCS (n.d.). "Spartina foliosa". The PLANTS Database (plants.usda.gov). Greensboro, North Carolina: National Plant Data Team. Retrieved 24 November 2015.
- ^ Peterson, Paul M.; Romaschenko, Konstantin; Arrieta, Yolanda Herrera; Saarela, Jeffery M. (2014). "A molecular phylogeny and new subgeneric classification of Sporobolus (Poaceae: Chloridoideae: Sporobolinae)". Taxon. 63 (6): 1212–1243. doi:10.12705/636.19.
- ^ a b Ayres, Debra R.; Zaremba, Katherine; Strong, Donald R. (2004). "Extinction of a Common Native Species by Hybridization with an Invasive Congener". Weed Technology. 18 (SP1): 1288–1291. doi:10.1614/0890-037X(2004)018[1288:EOACNS]2.0.CO;2. S2CID 86616225.
- ^ Anttila, Carina K.; Daehler, Curtis C.; Rank, Nathan E.; Strong, Donald R. (1998). "Greater male fitness of a rare invader (Spartina alterniflora, Poaceae) threatens a common native (Spartina foliosa) with hybridization". American Journal of Botany. 85 (11): 1597–1601. doi:10.2307/2446487. JSTOR 2446487. PMID 21680319.
- ^ Spartina foliosa. NatureServe. 2012.
- ^ Ort, Brian S.; Thornton, Whitney J. (2016). "Changes in the population genetics of an invasive Spartina after 10 years of management". Biological Invasions. 18 (8): 2267–2281. doi:10.1007/s10530-016-1177-3. S2CID 254291560.
- ^ Kerr, Drew W.; Hogle, Ingrid B.; Ort, Brian S.; Thornton, Whitney J. (2016). "A review of 15 years of Spartina management in the San Francisco Estuary". Biological Invasions. 18 (8): 2247–2266. doi:10.1007/s10530-016-1178-2. S2CID 254290258.
- ^ http://spartina.org/documents/2014_5RevegRpt2015_16Plan_20160126_ALLWeb.pdf, Hammond J, San Francisco Estuary Invasive Spartina Project Revegetation Program Year 4 (2014-2015) Installation Report and Year 5 (2015-2016) Revegetation Plan (DRAFT). Accessed 7/12/18.