Urodacus manicatus
| Black rock scorpion | |
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| Species: | U. manicatus
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| Urodacus manicatus | |
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Urodacus manicatus, commonly known as the black rock scorpion, is a species of scorpion belonging to the family Urodacidae. It is native to eastern Australia.
History
The black rock scorpion was described by Swedish naturalist Tamerlan Thorell in 1876 as Ioctonus manicatus.[1] The type locality was described as "New Holland".[2] In 1888 Reginald Innes Pocock, an assistant at the Natural History Museum in London, was cataloging specimens of the genus and described what he thought was a new species—naming it U. abruptus— from two dried female specimens, one from Adelaide and the other labelled "New Holland".[3] German naturalist Karl Kraepelin concluded that Thorell's I. manicatus was the same species as U. abruptus and U. novaehollandiae.[4] It was also collected from Cooma by William Joseph Rainbow who named it Buthus flavicruris in 1896.[2] The genus Urodacus was placed in its own family in 2000. Before this, the group had been a subfamily Urodacinae within the family Scorpionidae.[5]
Description
Measuring up to 5.5 cm (2.2 in), it is dark brown or black.
Distribution and habitat
The species ranges from Queensland through New South Wales and Victoria into South Australia.[6] Its preferred habitat is granite outcrops in open forest.[7]
Behaviour
The scorpion excavates a burrow underneath rocks or logs with a terminal chamber and passage to the surface. It preys upon insects such as cockroaches and beetles, as well as other invertebrates such as millipedes, centipedes, spiders and rarely earthworms. Its sting can cause local pain and swelling in humans.[6]
Conservation
It is one of the species of scorpion most commonly seen for sale in pet shops in Australia and is relatively easy to keep in captivity, where it has a lifespan of 6 to 10 years. There are concerns wild populations are being depleted because of specimens taken for the pet trade.[7]
Venom
U. manicatus was recently shown to harbor a unique peptide toxin, presumably for defensive purposes. This cell-penetrating peptide selectively activates mammalian TRPA1 receptors, which are expressed in pain-sensing peripheral neurons, to produce acute pain and pain hypersensitivities, but not inflammation. For mechanistic insights into this discrepancy, see ref.[8][9] Because TRPA1 is also known as the 'Wasabi Receptor,' given its role as the principle detector of the piquant ingredients in Brassica and Allium (mustard and onion) family plants, this U. manicatus toxin has been named the Wasabi Receptor Toxin or WaTx [10]
References
- ^ a b Thorell, Tamerlan (21 August 2013). "Species Urodacus manicatus". Australian Biological Resources Study: Australian Faunal Directory. Department of the Environment, Water, Heritage and the Arts, Commonwealth of Australia. Retrieved 19 April 2014.
- ^ a b Harvey, Mark S.; Volschenk, Erich S (2002). "A forgotten scorpion: the identity of Buthus flavicruris Rainbow, 1896 (Scorpiones), with notes on Urodacus manicatus (Thorell)" (PDF). Records of the Western Australian Museum. 21: 105–06. doi:10.18195/issn.0312-3162.21(1).2002.105-106.
- ^ Pocock, R.I. (1888). "XX.—The species of the genus Urodacus contained in the Collection of the British (Natural-History) Museum". Annals and Magazine of Natural History. Series 6. 2 (8): 169–75. doi:10.1080/00222938809460897.
- ^ Southcott, R. V. (1955). "Some observations on the biology, including mating and other behaviour, of the Australian scorpion Urodacus abruptus Pocock". Transactions of the Royal Society of South Australia. 78: 145–54.
- ^ Department of the Environment, Water, Heritage and the Arts (9 October 2013). "Family Urodacidae". Australian Biological Resources Study: Australian Faunal Directory. Commonwealth of Australia. Retrieved 23 April 2014.
- ^ a b "Black Rock Scorpion Urodacus manicatus". Museum Victoria. Archived from the original on July 30, 2008. Retrieved 19 April 2014.
- ^ a b Henderson, Alan; Henderson, Deanna; Sinclair, Jessie (2008). Bugs Alive. Museum Victoria. p. 128. ISBN 978-0975837085.
- ^ Zhao, Jianhua; Lin King, John V.; Paulsen, Candice E.; Cheng, Yifan; Julius, David (2020-07-08). "Irritant-evoked activation and calcium modulation of the TRPA1 receptor". Nature. 585 (7823): 141–145. doi:10.1038/s41586-020-2480-9. ISSN 0028-0836. PMC 7483980. PMID 32641835.
- ^ Zhao, Jianhua; King, John V. Lin; Cheng, Yifan; Julius, David (2019-12-27). "Mechanisms governing irritant-evoked activation and calcium modulation of TRPA1". bioRxiv: 2019.12.26.888982. doi:10.1101/2019.12.26.888982.
- ^ Lin King, John V.; Emrick, Joshua J.; Kelly, Mark J. S.; Herzig, Volker; King, Glenn F.; Medzihradszky, Katalin F.; Julius, David (2019-09-05). "A Cell-Penetrating Scorpion Toxin Enables Mode-Specific Modulation of TRPA1 and Pain". Cell. 178 (6): 1362–1374.e16. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2019.07.014. ISSN 1097-4172. PMC 6731142. PMID 31447178.
Further reading
- Koch, L.E. (1977). The taxonomy, geographic distribution and evolutionary radiation of Australo-Papuan scorpions. Vol. 5. Royal Australian Museum. pp. 83–367.
{{cite book}}:|work=ignored (help) - Walker, K. L.; Yen, A. L.; Milledge, G. A. (2003). Spiders and Scorpions commonly found in Victoria. Melbourne, Australia: Royal Society of Victoria.