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International Ocean Discovery Program

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Not to be confused with Integrated Ocean Drilling Program.

The International Ocean Discovery Program (IODP) is an international marine research collaboration dedicated to advancing scientific understanding of the Earth through drilling, coring, and monitoring the subseafloor. The research enabled by IODP samples and data improves scientific understanding of changing climate and ocean conditions, the origins of ancient life, risks posed by geohazards, and the structure and processes of Earth's tectonic plates and uppermost mantle. IODP began in 2013 and builds on the research of four previous scientific ocean drilling programs: Project Mohole, Deep Sea Drilling Project, Ocean Drilling Program, and Integrated Ocean Drilling Program.[1][2] Together, these programs represent the longest running and most successful international Earth science collaboration.[3][4]

Scientific scope

The scientific scope of IODP is laid out in the program's science plan, Illuminating Earth's Past, Present, and Future. The science plan covers a 10-year period of operations and consists of a list of scientific challenges that are organized into four themes called Climate and Ocean Change, Biosphere Frontiers, Earth Connections, and Earth in Motion.[5][6] The science plan was developed by the international scientific community to identify the highest priority science for the program.[7][8]

IODP funding and operations

JOIDES Resolution docked in Panama, October 2012

IODP uses multiple drilling platforms (JOIDES Resolution, Chikyū, and mission-specific platforms) to access different subseafloor environments during research expeditions. These facilities are funded by the U.S. National Science Foundation (NSF), Japan's Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT), and the European Consortium for Ocean Research Drilling (ECORD), alongside the Ministry of Science and Technology of the People's Republic of China (MOST), Australian-New Zealand IODP Consortium (ANZIC), and India's Ministry of Earth Science (MoES). Together, these entities represent a coalition of over two dozen countries. The IODP funding model differs from the Integrated Ocean Drilling Program in that NSF, MEXT, and ECORD each manage their own drilling platform. International partners directly contribute to the operating costs of the drilling platforms in exchange for scientific participation on the expeditions and seats on the advisory panels.[9][10]

The research vessel JOIDES Resolution (JR) is managed and operated for NSF by the JOIDES Resolution Science Operator (JRSO), which is based at Texas A&M University (TAMU). The JRSO was formalized as the implementing organization for IODP in 2014.[11][12]

The drilling vessel Chikyū was constructed and operated for MEXT by Japan's Center for Deep Earth Exploration (CDEX), which was established within the Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC) in October 2002.[13] In 2019, JAMSTEC merged CDEX with its Marine Technology and Engineering Center (MARITEC) to create a new department, the Institute of Marine-Earth Exploration and Engineering (MarE3).[14] MarE3 is the current implementing organization for Chikyū.[15]

The ECORD Science Operator (ESO), established in 2003, is the implementing organization for mission-specific platform expeditions.[16] ESO is also responsible for managing the IODP Bremen Core Repository.[17]

IODP expeditions are based on research proposals submitted by scientists that address the objectives described in the program's science plan. Advisory panels of international experts then rigorously evaluate the proposal for science quality, feasibility, safety, and any environmental issues. Proposals that are determined to be of high quality are forwarded to the appropriate facility board (JOIDES Resolution Facility Board, Chikyū IODP Board, and ECORD Facility Board) for scheduling.

IODP publishes a detailed account of findings and makes all samples and cores freely available.[18] IODP's open data policy assures global access to the information collected by the program, and it allows scientists to use data from multiple expeditions to investigate new hypotheses.

Cores collected during expeditions are stored at the IODP core repositories in Bremen, Germany (IODP Bremen Core Repository), College Station, Texas (IODP Gulf Coast Repository), and Kochi, Japan (Kochi Core Center). Scientists may visit any one of the facilities for onsite research or request a loan for teaching purposes/analysis. Archived cores include not only IODP samples, but also those retrieved by the Deep Sea Drilling Project, Ocean Drilling Program, and Integrated Ocean Drilling Program.[19]

Outcomes

IODP expeditions have investigated a wide range of Earth science topics, including past climate and ocean conditions, monsoon systems, seismogenic zones, the formation of continental crust and ocean basins, major extinction events, the role of serpentinization in driving hydrothermal systems, and the temperature limits of life in the deep biosphere.

An early outcome of the program harkens back to the original motivation for scientific ocean drilling with Project Mohole – drilling and sampling across the Mohorovičić discontinuity (Moho) and into the upper part of Earth's mantle. Expedition 360 was the initial part a multiphase project whose goal, among others, is to directly sample the mantle for the first time. The expedition took place near the Southwest Indian Ridge at a location where the crust is particularly thin due to the formation of an oceanic core complex. Expedition 360 completed 790 meters of drilling and IODP plans to return to the site in the coming years to continue the research.[20][21]

Expedition 364 sampled the peak ring of the Chicxulub impact crater, which is buried offshore near the Yucatán Peninsula. Chicxulub is the only well-preserved crater on Earth with a peak ring and was formed when an asteroid slammed into the planet 66 million years ago, killing off non-avian dinosaurs and most life on the planet. Analysis of the collected samples and data shows that the asteroid's impact caused rocks from deep in the Earth to shoot up and form the large mountains of the peak ring in a matter of minutes. The sediments overlying the peak ring also provide a record of how life returned to the area after the mass extinction event.[22][23][24]

In addition to studying how the Earth moves in response to impact events, IODP also studies the processes that cause earthquakes. For example, Expedition 362 brought new insight to the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami through the sampling and analysis of sediments and rocks from the oceanic plate that feeds the Sumatra subduction zone. The science team discovered that the sediment's minerals dehydrated before reaching the subduction zone, resulting in a strong fault that allowed for a larger than previously expected earthquake to occur.[25][26]

IODP's early climate studies focused on efforts to understand the Asian monsoon system. Expeditions 353, 354, 355, and 359 collected sediments from the Bay of Bengal, the Andaman Sea, and the Arabian Sea. These sediments were eroded from the land and primarily carried by rivers to the ocean, where some of the sediments have laid buried for millions of years. By analyzing the chemical and physical properties of the sediments, scientists are learning about the evolution of mountain growth, monsoonal precipitation, weathering and erosion, and climate across the region and across multiple time scales. For example, one such study discovered that the monsoonal winds that drive the region's climate began suddenly 12.9 million years ago.[27]

Scientific studies from subseafloor instruments and IODP's core archives, which contain samples from this and previous ocean drilling programs, are also yielding insights into the Earth's climate and tectonic history. A study examining samples collected from around the world concluded that the rate of carbon release today is 10 times greater than during the Paleocene Eocene Thermal Maximum or anytime during the past 66 million years.[28][29] And, measurements taken in the Nankai Trough near Japan show that slow slip earthquakes are releasing about 50% of the subduction zone's energy, which has implications for understanding tsunami hazards.[30][31]

Coring statistics

October 2013 to April 2022 (Expeditions 349–392)[32]

Expeditions completed: Operations days: Distance traveled (nmi): Sites visited: Holes drilled: Cores recovered:
36 2,053 116,149 163 460 11,617
Latitude, Longitude Geographic area & cruise
Northernmost site: 68.8°N, 5.8°E Mid-Norwegian Continental Margin Magmatism, Expedition 396
Southernmost site: 76.6°S, 174.8°W Ross Sea West Antarctic Ice Sheet, Expedition 374
Meters Feet Miles Geographic area & cruise
Deepest hole penetrated: 1,806 5,925 1.12 IBM Rear Arc, Expedition 350, Hole U1437E
Shallowest water depth: 98 321 0.06 Indonesian Throughflow, Expedition 356
Deepest water depth: 5,023 16,481 3.12 Tasman Frontier, Expedition 371
Total penetration (cored & drilled): 131,934 432,855 82.0
Total cored interval: 89,389 293,271 55.5
Total core recovered: 65,860 216,077 40.9
Most core recovered on a single cruise: 6,956 22,822 4.3 Western Pacific Warm Pool, Expedition 363

References

  1. ^ Council, National Research (2011). Scientific Ocean Drilling: Accomplishments and Challenges. doi:10.17226/13232. ISBN 978-0-309-21901-3.
  2. ^ "Discovering our oceans: A new era of ocean research drilling has dawned". phys.org. Retrieved 2016-03-07.
  3. ^ Earth and Life Processes Discovered from Subseafloor Environments: A Decade of Science Achieved by the Integrated Ocean Drilling Program (IODP). Elsevier. 2014-12-03. ISBN 9780444626110.
  4. ^ Witze, Alexandra (2013). "Drilling hit by budget woes". Nature. 501 (7468): 469–470. Bibcode:2013Natur.501..469W. doi:10.1038/501469a. PMID 24067687. S2CID 4444436.
  5. ^ "Science Plan for 2013–2023 – IODP". www.iodp.org. Archived from the original on 2016-03-09. Retrieved 2016-03-07.
  6. ^ "新十年科学大洋钻探—照亮地球的过去、现在和未来". www.nature.shu.edu.cn (in Chinese). doi:10.3969/j.issn.0253-9608.2015.04.001 (inactive 1 August 2023). Archived from the original on 2016-03-08. Retrieved 2016-03-07.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of August 2023 (link)
  7. ^ "Ocean Drilling | NSF – National Science Foundation". www.nsf.gov. Retrieved 2016-03-07.
  8. ^ "Scientists Set Course for Next Decade of Scientific Ocean Drilling | Ocean Leadership". Consortium for Ocean Leadership. Archived from the original on 2015-04-05. Retrieved 2016-03-07.
  9. ^ "Scientific Ocean Drilling Charts a New Course – Eos". Eos. 15 December 2015. Retrieved 2016-03-07.
  10. ^ "International Ocean Drilling to Follow Simpler Structure". www.sciencemag.org. 2011-11-16. Retrieved 2016-03-07.
  11. ^ IODP, JRSO. "Reports and Program Plans". iodp.tamu.edu. Retrieved 2023-03-02.
  12. ^ IODP, JRSO (2014-07-14). "IODP_JRSO_FY15_APP.pdf" (PDF). IODP-JRSO FY15 Annual Program Plan. Retrieved 2023-03-02.
  13. ^ Kuramoto, Eguchi, and Toczko, S., N., and S. (2019-03-18). "D/V Chikyu" (PDF). Oceanography. 32 (1): 94.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  14. ^ JAMSTEC, MarE3. "Recruitment & Selection for Research Vessels; Institute for Marine-Earth Exploration and Engineering (MarE3)". Institute for Marine-Earth Exploration and Engineering (MarE3). Retrieved 2023-03-02.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  15. ^ JAMSTEC, MarE3. "MarE3's Mission; Institute for Marine-Earth Exploration and Engineering (MarE3); JAMSTEC". Institute for Marine-Earth Exploration and Engineering (MarE3). Retrieved 2023-03-02.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  16. ^ ECORD. "ESO - ECORD Science Operator - ECORD: European Consortium for Ocean Research Drilling". European Consortium for Ocean Research Drilling. Retrieved 2023-03-02.
  17. ^ ECORD. "Brochures - ECORD: European Consortium for Ocean Research Drilling". European Consortium for Ocean Research Drilling. Retrieved 2023-02-03.
  18. ^ "Principles of Scientific Investigation – IODP". iodp.org. Retrieved 2016-03-07.
  19. ^ "Repositories – IODP". iodp.org. Archived from the original on 2016-03-05. Retrieved 2016-03-07.
  20. ^ MacLeod, C. J.; Dick, H. J.; Blum, P.; Expedition 360 Scientists, I. (2016-02-01). "The Nature of the Intrusive Crust and Moho at Slower Spreading Ridges: SloMo Leg 1 (IODP Expedition 360)". AGU Fall Meeting Abstracts. 23: OS23F–01. Bibcode:2016AGUFMOS23F..01M.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  21. ^ Perkins, Sid. "A Decades-Long Quest to Drill Into Earth's Mantle May Soon Hit Pay Dirt". Smithsonian. Retrieved 2017-07-23.
  22. ^ "Updated: Drilling of dinosaur-killing impact crater explains buried circular hills". Science | AAAS. 2016-05-02. Retrieved 2017-07-23.
  23. ^ Sumner, Thomas (2016-11-17). "How a ring of mountains forms inside a crater". Science News. Retrieved 2017-07-23.
  24. ^ Holley, Peter. "Why these researchers think dinosaurs were minutes away from surviving extinction". Washington Post.
  25. ^ Hüpers, Andre; Torres, Marta E.; Owari, Satoko; McNeill, Lisa C.; Dugan, Brandon; Henstock, Timothy J.; Milliken, Kitty L.; Petronotis, Katerina E.; Backman, Jan (2017-05-26). "Release of mineral-bound water prior to subduction tied to shallow seismogenic slip off Sumatra" (PDF). Science. 356 (6340): 841–844. Bibcode:2017Sci...356..841H. doi:10.1126/science.aal3429. hdl:2158/1091098. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 28546210. S2CID 206655214.
  26. ^ "Researchers drill deep to understand why the Sumatra earthquake was so severe". Retrieved 2017-07-23.
  27. ^ Sumner, Thomas (2016-08-24). "India's monsoon winds trace back nearly 13 million years". Science News. Retrieved 2017-07-23.
  28. ^ "What we're doing to the Earth has no parallel in 66 million years, scientists say". Washington Post. Retrieved 2017-07-23.
  29. ^ Zeebe, Richard E.; Ridgwell, Andy; Zachos, James C. (April 2016). "Anthropogenic carbon release rate unprecedented during the past 66 million years". Nature Geoscience. 9 (4): 325–329. Bibcode:2016NatGe...9..325Z. doi:10.1038/ngeo2681. hdl:1983/d9f7791f-7a9a-445e-acc0-4dd3d7680409. ISSN 1752-0894. S2CID 54493709.
  30. ^ Araki, Eiichiro; Saffer, Demian M.; Kopf, Achim J.; Wallace, Laura M.; Kimura, Toshinori; Machida, Yuya; Ide, Satoshi; Davis, Earl; Scientists, IODP Expedition 365 shipboard (2017-06-16). "Recurring and triggered slow-slip events near the trench at the Nankai Trough subduction megathrust". Science. 356 (6343): 1157–1160. doi:10.1126/science.aan3120. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 28619941. S2CID 206659506.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  31. ^ "Slow earthquakes in ocean subduction zones shed light on tsunami risk | NSF – National Science Foundation". www.nsf.gov. Retrieved 2017-07-23.
  32. ^ IODP, JRSO. "JOIDES Resolution Coring Statistics". iodp.tamu.edu. Retrieved 2023-03-02.

See also

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