Campanula americana
| American bellflower | |
|---|---|
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Scientific classification 
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| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Clade: | Tracheophytes |
| Clade: | Angiosperms |
| Clade: | Eudicots |
| Clade: | Asterids |
| Order: | Asterales |
| Family: | Campanulaceae |
| Genus: | Campanula |
| Species: | C. americana
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| Binomial name | |
| Campanula americana | |
| Synonyms[2] | |
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Synonymy
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Campanula americana, the American bellflower,[3] or tall bellflower,[4] is a bellflower native to eastern North America. Tall bellflowers can be annual or biennial with a varying life-history with seeds germinating in the fall producing annual plants and spring-germinating seeds producing biennial plants. Long-tongued bees are the primary pollinators, including Megachile campanulae, but halictid bees, butterflies, and skippers may also act as pollinators.[5] Tall Bellflowers do not generally self-pollinate.[6] Some authorities, including the USDA PLANTS database, consider the name Campanulastrum americanum to be the accepted name for this species.[7][8]
Description
Morphology
A large central flower stem shoots up from a basal rosette, that terminates in a raceme 1/2-2' long, with the plant's overall height being 3-6'. The central stem is light green, slightly grooved, and hairy. The primary root system is a taproot. It has alternate leaves 3-6" in length, that are lance-shaped to ovate-elliptic in shape, with rough/toothed edges.[9]
Tall bellflower flowers are light blue to violet with a pale white ring at the throat, which primarily bloom in July and August. It is an unusual bellflower in that its flowers are flat. Flowers are approximately 1" across. Its pistils have a recurved style and a three lobed anther and each flower has 5 stamen, 5 petals, and 5 sepals.[5] The ovaries develop into 5 angled flat topped seed pods.
Distribution and habitat
Tall bellflowers grow from the Great Lakes region south to Florida and from the Dakotas east to New York.[10] They thrive in partial shade and grow along woodland edges, in open woods, shaded meadows, streambanks and ditches.[4]
References
- ^ Kartesz, J.T. (2011), "Campanulastrum Americanum", NatureServe, NatureServe Explorer, retrieved 24 December 2021
- ^ The Plant List, Campanula americana L.
- ^ "Campanula americana". Germplasm Resources Information Network. Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 2007-10-29.
- ^ a b "Campanula americana - Plant Finder". www.missouribotanicalgarden.org. Retrieved 2021-12-22.
- ^ a b "American Bellflower (Campanulastrum americanum)". www.illinoiswildflowers.info. Retrieved 2021-12-22.
- ^ Galloway, L. F.; J. R. Etterson (2005). "Population differentiation and hybrid success in Campanula americana: geography and genome size". Journal of Evolutionary Biology. 18 (1). European Society for Evolutionary Biology: 81–89. doi:10.1111/j.1420-9101.2004.00801.x. PMID 15669963. S2CID 36919376.
- ^ "PLANTS Profile for Campanulastrum americanum". USDA Plants Database. United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 2013-06-11.
- ^ Wilhelm, Gerould; Rericha, Laura (2017). Flora of the Chicago Region: A Floristic and Ecological Synthesis. Indiana Academy of Sciences.
- ^ "Campanula americana - Plant Finder". www.missouribotanicalgarden.org. Retrieved 2021-12-22.
- ^ "Figure 1: Distribution map of Synandreae in North America". dx.doi.org. doi:10.7717/peerj.2220/fig-1. Retrieved 2021-12-22.