Kunstkamera
 | You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in Russian. (May 2019) Click [show] for important translation instructions.
|
The Kunstkamera (Template:Lang-ru) or Kunstkammer (German for "Culture Room" (literally) or "Art Chamber", typically used for a "cabinet of curiosities") is a public museum located on the Universitetskaya Embankment in Saint Petersburg, facing the Winter Palace. Its collection was first opened to the public at the Summer Palace by Peter the Great in 1714, making it Russia's first museum. Enlarged by purchases from the Dutch collectors Albertus Seba and Frederik Ruysch, the museum was moved to its present location in 1727. Having expanded to nearly 2,000,000 items, it is formally organized as the Russian Academy of Science's Peter the Great Museum of Anthropology and Ethnography (Template:Lang-ru, Muzey antropologii i etnografii imeni Petra Velikogo Rossiyskoy akademii nauk), abbreviated in Russian as the МАЭ or МАЭ РАН.
History
As part of Peter the Great's establishment of St Petersburg as the new Russian capital, he established an imperial cabinet of curiosities dedicated to preserving "natural and human curiosities and rarities" in the manner of some of the other European courts since the 16th century. Such cabinets allowed rulers and the elite to acquire a fuller knowledge of the world and to demonstrate their control over it. Peter's personal collection was first exhibited to the public at the Summer Palace in 1714, which is used by the present museum as its founding date. Peter's main interest was in natural things (naturalia) rather than manmade ones (artificialia). A major component of the original collection was a large assortment of human and animal fetuses with various birth defects, many of which Peter had acquired in 1697 from Frederick Ruysch and Levinus Vincent. Peter encouraged research into deformities, particularly in order to debunk superstitious fear of monsters. In particular, he issued a ukase ordering malformed stillborn infants to be sent from anywhere in Russia to the imperial collection. He subsequently had them put on show in the Kunstkamera as examples of accidents of nature.[1]
The present Kunstkamera is a turreted Petrine Baroque building designed by Prussian architect Georg Johann Mattarnovy. Its foundation stone was laid in 1719 and it was fully completed in 1727. A separate building had become necessary after the purchase of large collections from the Dutch pharmacologist Albertus Seba in 1716 and the Dutch anatomist Frederik Ruysch in 1717. Examination and organization of these collections also spurred the creation of the Russian Academy of Sciences. A third acquisition came from Jacob de Wilde, a collector of gems and scientific instruments. These purchases were largely organized by Robert Erskine, Peter's chief physician, and his secretary Johann Daniel Schumacher.[2]
Museum of Anthropology and Ethnography
In the 1830s, the Kunstkamera collections were dispersed to newly established imperial museums, the most important being the Peter the Great Museum of Anthropology and Ethnography, established in 1879. It has a collection approaching 2,000,000 items and has been known as the Peter the Great Museum since 1903 in order to distinguish it from the Russian Museum of Ethnography. In 1747 some objects were lost in a fire.
List of directors
- Leopold Schrenk (1879–94)
- Vasily Radlov (1894–1918)
- Vasily Bartold (1918–21)
- Yefim Karskiy (1921–30)
- Nikolay Matorin (1930–33)
- Ivan Meshchaninov (1934–37)
- Nikolai Kislyakov (1945–48)
- Nikolai Girenko (1991–92)
- Alexander Myl’nikov (1992–97)
- Chuner Taksami (1997–2001)
- Yuri Chistov (2001–present)[3]
See also
- List of museums in Saint Petersburg
- Globe of Gottorf (one of the museum's main artistic pieces)
- Pushkin House (occupied the rooms in the Kunstkamera building in 1905–27)
Notes
- ^ Driessen-Van het Reve, J.J. (2006) De Kunstkamera van Peter de Grote. De Hollandse inbreng, gereconstrueerd uit brieven van Albert Seba en Johann Daniel Schumacher uit de jaren 1711–1752. English summary, pp. 335–336.
- ^ Driessen-Van het Reve, J.J. (2006) De Kunstkamera van Peter de Grote. De Hollandse inbreng, gereconstrueerd uit brieven van Albert Seba en Johann Daniel Schumacher uit de jaren 1711–1752. English summary, pp. 337–338.
- ^ Kunstkamera
Bibliography
- Vladimir Romanovich Arsenyev. 1999. Le musée d'Anthropologie et d'Ethnographie Pierre-le-Grand à Saint-Pétersbourg. Cahiers d'Études africaines 39, no. 155/156: 681–699.
External links
- Official website of the Kunstkamera (in English)
- Kunstkamera, Peter the Great Museum of Anthropology and Ethnography (Saint Petersburg)
- Photo (1024 × 768)
- Peter’s collection lives on: Russia's oldest museum marks 300th birthday
59°56′30″N 30°18′16″E / 59.94167°N 30.30444°E
| International | |
|---|---|
| National | |
- Museums established in 1727
- Medical museums in Russia
- Natural history museums in Russia
- Anthropology museums
- Ethnographic museums in Saint Petersburg
- Science museums in Saint Petersburg
- Museums established in 1879
- Universitetskaya Embankment
- Institutes of the Russian Academy of Sciences
- Baroque architecture in Saint Petersburg
- Natural history museums in Saint Petersburg
- 1727 establishments in the Russian Empire
- Cultural heritage monuments of federal significance in Saint Petersburg