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Rhamphospora nymphaeae

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Rhamphospora nymphaeae
Rhamphospora nymphaeae on Nymphaea sp. cult.
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Fungi
Division: Basidiomycota
Family: Rhamphosporaceae
R. Bauer & Oberw. 1997[1]
Type genus
Rhamphospora
D.D.Cunn., (1888)[2]
Type species
Rhamphospora nymphaeae
Synonyms[3]
  • Entyloma nymphaeae (D.D.Cunn.) Setch.
  • Entyloma nymphaeae var. macrosporum Thirum., Pavgi & Safeeulla

The Rhamphosporaceae is a family of fungi in the division Basidiomycota and order of Doassansiales. The monotypic family only contains 1 genus; Rhamphospora D.D.Cunn. and just 1 species, Rhamphospora nymphaeae D.D.Cunn. It is found on the leaves of waterlilies causing spots.

History

In 1888, Surgeon Major David Douglas Cunningham MD (1843–1914,[4] who was the Special assistant to the Sanitary Commissioner with the Government of India), was also the mycologist who originally found and described the fungus (both the genus and single species). It was found on the leaves of waterlilies; Nymphaea stellata, Nymphaea lotus and Nymphaea rubra,[2] in West Bengal, India.[3]

The genus of Rhamphospora was named after the beak or bill (of a bird Ramphocelus) known from Mexico, Costa Rica, Cuba, and Puerto Rico because of the beak-shaped appendages of its spores (Ancient greek rhamphos, rhamphos (ῥάµϕος).[5]

The monotypic family of Rhamphosporaceae was published later, by R. Bauer & Oberw. in 1997.[1]

It is also known and classified as a smut fungi.[6][7]

Description

Rhamphospora nymphaeae has sori in living leaf and stem tissues,[8][9][10] which are scattered or gregarious and are yellowish brown or later they become reddish brown.[9][11] The sori form ovoid or irregular shaped spots,[10] about 1–7 mm long and they become larger by cell fusion.

The solitary spores,[2] become embedded in the host tissues,[10] they are ellipsoidal but rarely broadly ellipsoidal or subglobose in shape.[9] They have an with an apical papilla (which is 0.5–1.5 μm high).

The hyphae is intracellular (occurring inside the cell) and the haustoria is present.

The teliospores (thick-walled resting spores) are formed individually and are usually lemon-shaped, hyaline or pale yellow,[9][12] and smooth or finely verruculose (have a surface covered with tiny wart-like protuberances).

The teliospores are formed on the branches of fertile hyphae and germinating directly to form basidia (spore-producing structures). The basidia are filiform (thread-like shape),[8] or cylindrical (in form), septate (divided into cells) with an apical cluster of 4–6 four celled fertile branches, which each give rise to 2–3 basidiospores (sexual spores).[8][11]

They are produced subterminally, beaked, promycelium consisting of a long germinal tube with terminal branches bearing apical sporida.[2]

The ramified basidiospores of Rhamphospora nymphaeae have enlarged surfaces, which could be used for dispersal in water.[13]

Distribution

It has a widespread distribution,[14][15] in north temperate and neotropic zones.[8][5] Including places such as (in North America); Canada (in the Provinces of British Columbia, Manitoba, Nova Scotia, Ontario and Québec), USA (in the states of Connecticut, District of Columbia, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Massachusetts, New York, Ohio, Oklahoma and Wisconsin).[14] In Central America, within Costa Rica,[6] and Cuba. In Europe, within the countries of Finland, France, Germany, Romania, Switzerland and the UK.[14] In Asia, within Japan,[16] Korea,[9] China and India,[11] and also in Australasia, within New Zealand.[10][17]

Hosts

Rhamphospora nymphaeae causes necrotic zones (dead areas) in leaves of affected plants. It causes stem and leaf-spots on members of the Nymphaeaceae family in freshwater habitats.[8] Such as Nuphar advena (Aiton) W.T.Aiton (syn Nymphaea advena), Nymphaea alba, Nymphaea ampla,[6] Nymphaea odorata (syn Nymphaea reniformis), Nymphaea stellata, Nymphaea tetragona,[9] and Nymphaea tuberosa (all Nymphaeaceae family).[5][18]

It is also found on various genera of freshwater based Castalia (a synonym of Nymphaea).[11]

Nymphaea tetragona was recorded as host plant of this smut fungus from Japan in 1953.[16]

References

  1. ^ a b Bauer, R.; Oberwinkler, F.; Vánky, K. (1997). "Ultrastructural markers and systematics in smut fungi and allied taxa". Canadian Journal of Botany. 75 (8): 1273–1314. doi:10.1139/b97-842.
  2. ^ a b c d India. Medical department Scientific Memoirs by Officers of the Medical and Sanitary Departments of Officers Army of India Vol.3 (1888), p. 32, at Google Books
  3. ^ a b "Species Fungorum – GSD Species". www.speciesfungorum.org. Retrieved 16 August 2023.
  4. ^ "Cunningham, David Douglas | International Plant Names Index". www.ipni.org. Retrieved 16 August 2023.
  5. ^ a b c Organization for Flora Neotropica Flora Neotropica, Issue 86, 1968, p. 196, at Google Books
  6. ^ a b c J. Cramer Smut Fungi (Ustilaginales and Tilletiales) in Costa Rica, Issue 113, 1996, p. 88, at Google Books
  7. ^ "Home – Rhamphospora nymphaeae CBS 172.38 v1.0". mycocosm.jgi.doe.gov. Retrieved 18 August 2023.
  8. ^ a b c d e P. F. Cannon and P. M. Kirk (editors) Fungal Families of the World (2007), p. 107, at Google Books
  9. ^ a b c d e f Park, Mi-Jeong; Denchev, Cvetomir M.; Han, Kyung-Sook; Shin, Hyeon-Dong (2010-09-01). "Occurrence of Rhamphospora nymphaeae on Nymphaea tetragona in Korea". The Plant Pathology Journal. 26 (3): 293. doi:10.5423/ppj.2010.26.3.293. ISSN 1598-2254.
  10. ^ a b c d Kálmán Vánky, Eric H. C. McKenzie Smut Fungi of New Zealand, 2002 at Google Books
  11. ^ a b c d B. D. Borse, K. N. Borse, S. Y. Patil, C. M. Pawara, L. C. Nemade and V. R. Patil Freshwater Higher Fungi of India (2016), p. 173, at Google Books
  12. ^ David J. McLaughlin and Joseph W. Spatafora (editors) Systematics and Evolution (2013), p. 78, at Google Books
  13. ^ Piepenbring, M.; Bauer, R.; Oberwinkler, F. (1998). "Teliospores of smut fungi general aspects of teliospore walls and sporogenesis". Protoplasma. 204: 155–169.
  14. ^ a b c Vánky, Kálmán (1994). European Smut Fungi. Stuttgart, Jena, New York: Gustav Fischer Verlag. ISBN 3-437-30745-2.
  15. ^ "Rhamphospora nymphaeae D.D.Cunn". www.gbif.org. Retrieved 22 August 2022.
  16. ^ a b Katsuki, S. (1953). "Notes on some new or noteworthy fungi in Kyushu (5)". Kyushu Agricultural Research. 11: 41–42.
  17. ^ "Rhamphospora D.D. Cunn. 1888 – Biota of NZ". biotanz.landcareresearch.co.nz. Retrieved 18 August 2023.
  18. ^ Pérez, J. M. (July 2002). "Rhamphospora nymphaeae. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria]". IMI Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria. 153: 153. doi:10.1079/dfb/20056401522.
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