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Archey's frog

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Archey's frog
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Amphibia
Order: Anura
Family: Leiopelmatidae
Genus: Leiopelma
Species:
L. archeyi
Binomial name
Leiopelma archeyi
Turbott, 1942
Distribution of Archey's frog

Archey's frog (Leiopelma archeyi) is an archaic species of frog endemic to the North Island of New Zealand.[1][2] It is one of only three extant species belonging to the taxonomic family Leiopelmatidae. It is named after Sir Gilbert Archey, the former director of the Auckland Institute.[3] The holotype is held at the Auckland War Memorial Museum.[4] It is found only in the Coromandel Peninsula and near Te Kuiti in the North Island of New Zealand. This species, along with others in the family, have changed little over the past 200 million years, thus they represent "living fossils".

Ecology

The species is fully terrestrial, living and reproducing under damp vegetation in native forests. Currently, its distribution is confined to higher elevations at just two localities, although just 25 years ago, the species was abundant in a much wider range, down to sea level. Little is known about the natural history of this species. Although the species is sexually monomorphic, males are believed to be the primary care providers, and may prepare "nests" they guard for the eggs, secreting antimicrobial peptides onto them, to ensure successful embryonic development. Clutch sizes vary between four and 15 eggs. Reproduction is fully terrestrial; tadpoles develop within gelatinous egg capsules, and upon hatching, tailed froglets crawl onto the male's back and are carried around for several weeks where they complete metamorphosis.[5] Adult frogs do not give advertisement vocalisations, but may communicate by chemical signalling. However, frogs sometimes give startle calls when threatened by a predator.

Conservation

An intensively monitored population in one Cormandel site declined by 88% from 1996 to 2001,[6] but in many areas where frogs previously were common, none remain. Because populations are rapidly declining, and reproduction is infrequent, the species is at significant risk of imminent extinction. In 2006 70 Archey's frogs were translocated to Pureora Forest however despite breeding being observed only low numbers of frogs have been counted.[7]

As first shown by Bruce Waldman,[8] the species appears to have an intrinsically low level of susceptibility to chytridiomycosis.[9] However, frogs in the field show clinical signs, including blisters, that may be associated with other diseases.[10] Nonetheless, despite field observations suggesting that frogs were dying from other causes, New Zealand researchers continued to argue that the species was most at risk from chytridiomycosis and planned their management strategies primarily to mitigate threats from this disease.[11] After his research permits were withdrawn by the Department of Conservation,[12] Waldman subsequently left New Zealand.[13]

A captive-breeding programme was established at the University of Canterbury in 2002 to safeguard the species from disease,[14] and frogs successfully bred.[15] The programme was transferred to Auckland Zoo in 2005, where over half of the frogs, including juveniles bred at the Canterbury facility, died.[16] Some of the remaining frogs produced offspring in December 2012, of which seven still survived as of February, 2013.[17] After 8 years of failed attempts to get the frogs to breed at Auckland Zoo, zookeepers claimed "a massive and internationally important victory".[18] Based on an Auckland Zoo press release that promoted their new public display of adult Archey's frogs,[19] the Auckland Zoo breeding was widely but inaccurately reported as representing the first time the frogs had successfully reproduced in captivity. Auckland Zoo, Otago University, and James Cook University researchers attribute the mortality and reproductive failures at Auckland Zoo in part to metabolic bone disease, which they determined had not been a problem in the Canterbury facility.[20]

The species is categorised as Nationally Vulnerable under the New Zealand Threat Classification System[21] and as Critically Endangered on the IUCN Red List.[1] Rats and the introduced green and golden bell frog are known to kill Archey's frogs.[22][21] Introduced predators known to predate other frog species in New Zealand, such as pigs, cats, hedgehogs and ferrets, are also likely to have an impact.[22]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group (2017). "Leiopelma archeyi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T11450A66654575. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T11450A66654575.en. Retrieved 20 November 2021.
  2. ^ Frost, Darrel R. (2020). "Leiopelma archeyi Turbott, 1942". Amphibian Species of the World: An Online Reference. Version 6.1. American Museum of Natural History. doi:10.5531/db.vz.0001. Retrieved 21 December 2020.
  3. ^ "Leiopelma archeyi: Archey's Frog". AmphibiaWeb. Retrieved 13 June 2006.
  4. ^ Turbott, E. G. "The distribution of the genus Leiopelma in New Zealand with a description of a new species". New Zealand National Library. Royal Society of New Zealand. Retrieved 23 July 2015.
  5. ^ Bell, Ben (1985). "DEVELOPMENT AND PARENTAL-CARE IN THE ENDEMIC NEW ZEALAND FROGS". In Grigg, Gordon; Shine, Richard; Ehmann, Harry (eds.). The biology of Australasian frogs and reptiles. New South Wales: Surrey Beatty & Sons Pty Limited in association with The Royal Zoological Society of New South Wales. pp. 269–273. ISBN 0 949324035.
  6. ^ Bell, Ben D.; Carver, Scott; Mitchell, Nicola J.; Pledger, Shirley (2004). "The recent decline of a New Zealand endemic: how and why did populations of Archey's frog Leiopelma archeyi crash over 1996–2001?". Biological Conservation. 120 (2): 189–199. doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2004.02.011.
  7. ^ P J Bishop; L A Daglish; A J M Haigh; L J Marshall; M D Tocher; K L McKenzie (December 2013). "Native frog (Leiopelma spp.) recovery plan, 2013-2018" (PDF). Threatened species recovery plan series. 63: 45. ISSN 1170-3806. Wikidata Q110608839.
  8. ^ Pesticides blamed for killing our rarest frogs. Sunday Star Times, 1 May 2005.
  9. ^ Bishop, P. J.; Speare, R.; Poulter, R.; Butler, M.; Speare, B. J.j; Hyatt, A.; Olsen, V.; Haigh, A. (2009). "Elimination of the amphibian chytrid fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis by Archey's frog Leiopelma archeyi" (PDF). Diseases of Aquatic Organisms. 84 (1): 9–15. doi:10.3354/dao02028. PMID 19419002.
  10. ^ Waldman B (2011) Brief encounters with Archey's frog. FrogLog 99:39-41
  11. ^ "Archey's Frog". EDGE of Existence.
  12. ^ "Frogblog, hopping along the corridors of power". Archived from the original on 2014-06-05. Retrieved 2014-06-02.
  13. ^ New Foreign Professors Joined SNU Faculty. Seoul National University, 19 November 2009.
  14. ^ Frog mission underway Independent Radio News, 31 July 2002.
  15. ^ Waldman B (2011) Brief encounters with Archey's Frog. FrogLog 99:39-41
  16. ^ Gibson, Eloise (28 March 2009). "Half of zoo frog colony dies". The New Zealand Herald. Retrieved 16 September 2011..
  17. ^ Vaimoana Tapaleao (Feb 27, 2013). "Rare frogs thriving at zoo". The New Zealand Herald. Retrieved Feb 27, 2013.
  18. ^ "Rare NZ native frog breeds at Auckland Zoo". Fairfax Newspapers. Feb 27, 2013. Retrieved Feb 27, 2013.
  19. ^ "Big leap forward in breeding of rare frog". Auckland Zoo. Feb 27, 2013. Retrieved Feb 27, 2013.
  20. ^ Shaw, Stephanie D.; Bishop, Phillip J.; Harvey, Catherine; Berger, Lee; Skerratt, Lee F.; Callon, Karen; Watson, Maureen; Potter, John; Jakob-Hoff, Richard; Goold, Mike; Kunzmann, Nicole; West, Peter; Speare, Rick (2012). "Fluorosis as a probable factor in metabolic bone disease in captive New Zealand native frogs (Leiopelma sp.)". Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine. 43 (3): 549–565. doi:10.1638/2011-0276R1.1. PMID 23082519.
  21. ^ a b Newman, Donald G.; Bell, Ben D.; Bishop, Phillip J.; Burns, Rhys J.; Haigh, Amanda; Hitchmough, Rodney A. (2013). Conservation status of New Zealand frogs, 2013 (PDF). Wellington, New Zealand: Department of Conservation. ISBN 9780478226973. Retrieved 23 July 2015.
  22. ^ a b Egeter, Bastian; Robertson, Bruce C.; Bishop, Phillip J. (2015). "A Synthesis of Direct Evidence of Predation on Amphibians in New Zealand, in the Context of Global Invasion Biology". Herpetological Review. 46: 512–519.
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