Second Anglo-Burmese War
| Second Anglo-Burmese War ဒုတိယ အင်္ဂလိပ် မြန်မာ စစ် | |||||||||
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| Part of Anglo-Burmese Wars | |||||||||
.jpg) Royal Burmese troops who were fighting in the Second Anglo-Burmese War in 1852 | |||||||||
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| Belligerents | |||||||||
 Burma | |||||||||
| Commanders and leaders | |||||||||
 Henry Godwin Garnet Wolseley |
Pagan Min  Maung Gyi Kyauk Lon | ||||||||
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The Second Anglo-Burmese War or the Second Burma War (Burmese: ဒုတိယ အင်္ဂလိပ် မြန်မာ စစ် [dṵtḭja̰ ɪ́ɰ̃ɡəleɪʔ mjəmà sɪʔ]; 5 April 1852 – 20 January 1853) was the second of the three wars fought between the Burmese Empire and British Empire during the 19th century. The war resulted in a British victory with more Burmese territory being annexed to British India.
Background
In 1852, Commodore George Lambert was dispatched to Burma by Lord Dalhousie over a number of minor issues related to the Treaty of Yandabo between the countries. The Burmese immediately made concessions including the removal of a governor whom the Company made their casus belli. Lambert, described by Dalhousie in a private letter as the "combustible commodore",[1] eventually provoked a naval confrontation in extremely questionable circumstances by blockading the port of Rangoon and seizing the King Pagan's royal ship and thus started the Second Anglo-Burmese War which ended in the Company annexing the province of Pegu and renaming it Lower Burma.[2]
The nature of the dispute was misrepresented to Parliament, and Parliament played a role in further "suppressing" the facts released to the public, but most of the facts were established by comparative reading of these conflicting accounts in what was originally an anonymous pamphlet, How Wars are Got Up In India; this account by Richard Cobden remains almost the sole contemporaneous evidence as to who actually made the decision to invade and annex Burma.[3]
Richard Cobden made a scathing attack on Dalhousie for despatching a naval commodore to negotiate (gunboat diplomacy) and for raising the initial demand for compensation of £1000 to 100 times that amount, £100,000. He also criticised Dalhousie for choosing Lambert over Colonel Archibald Bogle, the British Commissioner of Tenasserim, who was much more experienced in Burmese social and diplomatic affairs. Dalhousie denied that Lambert was the cause.[1]
War
The first substantial blow of the Second Anglo-Burmese War was struck by the Company on 5 April 1852, when the port of Martaban was taken. Rangoon was occupied on 12 April, and then the Shwedagon Pagoda was bombarded by artillery[4] and taken on 14 April; after heavy fighting, the Burmese army retired northwards. Bassein was seized on 19 May, and Pegu was taken on 3 June, after some sharp fighting round the Shwemawdaw Pagoda. During the rainy season the approval of the British East India Company's court of directors and of the British government was obtained as to the annexation of the lower portion of the Irrawaddy River Valley, including Prome.[5] After the fighting had concluded, several Burmese pagodas throughout the Empire were sacked.[6]
Lord Dalhousie visited Rangoon in July and August, and discussed the whole situation with the civil, military and naval authorities.[5] He decided that dictating terms to the Court of Ava by marching to the capital was not how the war should be conducted unless complete annexation of the kingdom was contemplated and this was deemed unachievable in both military and economic terms for the time being.[1] As a consequence, Major-General Godwin occupied Prome on 9 October, encountering only slight resistance from the Burmese forces under the command of Lord Dabayin, son of Gen. Maha Bandula, who was killed in the First Anglo-Burmese War, though bitterly so, as the Major-General resented having to deal with the Royal Navy under the command of Lambert, a mere commodore, after the death of Rear Admiral Charles Austen, the brother of the writer Jane Austen.[1] Early in December Lord Dalhousie informed King Pagan that the province of Pegu would henceforth form part of the Company dominions.[5]
Aftermath
The proclamation of annexation was issued on 20 January 1853, and thus the Second Anglo-Burmese War was brought to an end without any treaty being signed.[5] The war resulted in a revolution in Amarapura although it was then still called the Court of Ava, with Pagan Min (1846–1852) being overthrown by his half brother Mindon Min (1853–1878). Mindon immediately sued for peace but the two Italian priests he sent to negotiate found the British 50 miles (80 km) farther north at Myedè with a rich belt of the Ningyan teak forests already staked out within their territory and presented as a fait accompli.[1] No treaty was ever signed although trade resumed between Company Burma and the Kingdom of Ava until fresh hostilities broke out in 1885–1886.
See also
- History of Burma
- Konbaung dynasty
- First Anglo-Burmese War (1824–1826)
- Third Anglo-Burmese War (1885)
References
- ^ a b c d e D.G.E.Hall (1960). Burma (PDF). Hutchinson University Library. pp. 109–113. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2005-05-19.
- ^ Southeast Asia: a historical encyclopaedia, from Angkor Wat to East Timor, Volume 1 By Keat Gin Ooi, p. 736
- ^ This text went through several "editions" rapidly, with the third edition already in print in 1853 (this was subsequently reprinted in The Political Writings of Richard Cobden, vol. 2)
- ^ Laurie, William Ferguson Beatson (1853). The Second Burmese War: A Narrative of the Operations at Rangoon, in 1852. Smith, Elder & Company.
- ^ a b c d One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Burmese Wars". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 4 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 847.
- ^ Michael Gravers (1999). Nationalism as Political Paranoia in Burma: An Essay on the Historical Practice of Power. Nias Reports. pp. 8–9. ISBN 0-7007-0980-0.
Further reading
External links
- Stephen Luscombe (photos) Burma: The Second War
- George Dibley The Burma War of 1851
