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Libri Carolini

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Page from the Reims manuscript of the Libri

The Libri Carolini ("Charles' books"), more correctly Opus Caroli regis contra synodum ("The work of King Charles against the Synod"), is a work in four books composed on the command of Charlemagne in the mid 790s to refute the conclusions of the Byzantine Second Council of Nicaea (787), particularly as regards the matter of sacred images. They are "much the fullest statement of the Western attitude to representational art that has been left to us by the Middle Ages".[1]

Two earlier Frankish tracts against images (known in conjunction as the Capitulare adversus synodum) had been sent in 792 to Pope Hadrian I, who had replied with an attempt at a refutation. The Libri Carolini was then composed as a fuller rebuttal of Hadrian's position. But Charlemagne realized that further controversy with Rome would serve no purpose, and the work was never sent.

It remained unknown until it was published by Jean du Tillet in 1549, in the very different context of the debates over images at the Reformation.[2] John Calvin refers to it approvingly in later editions of his Institutes of the Christian Religion (Book 1, Ch 11, section 14), and uses it in his argument against the veneration of images.[3]

Authorship

The work begins, "In the name of our Lord and Savior Jesus Christ beginneth the work of the most illustrious and glorious man Charles, by the will of God, king of the Franks, Gauls, Germany, Italy, neighboring provinces, with the assistance of the king, against the Synod which in Greek parts firmly and proudly decreed in favour of adoring (adorandis) images recklessly and arrogantly,"[4] followed immediately by what is called "Charlemagne's Preface". However, it is unlikely that Charlemagne wrote any of the books himself,[5] although the views expressed were influenced by him. He apparently did not accept that art had any advantages over books, a view not held by many of his advisers.

The preferred candidate as author of most modern scholars, following Anne Freeman, is Bishop Theodulf of Orleans,[6] a Spanish Visigoth in origin, of which traces can be detected in the Latin and the liturgical references in the work. The Vatican manuscript has an author, considered to be Theodulf, and a corrector. It is very likely that several clerics at the court contributed to discussions formulating a work to be issued in the Emperor's name, but it seems likely that Theodulf composed the text we have.[7]

In the past, some have attributed the writings to Angilram, Bishop of Metz or others of the bishops of France, alleging that Pope Adrian having sent Charlemagne the Acts of the Council in 790, he gave them to the French bishops for examination, and that the Libri Carolini was the answer they returned.[8] There is also evidence that the author was Alcuin; besides the English tradition that he had written such a book, there is also the remarkable similarity of his commentary on St. John (4, 5, et seqq.) to a passage in Liber IV., cap. vi., of the Libri Carolini.[5]

Contents

According to the Libri Carolini, images may be used as ecclesiastical ornaments, for purposes of instruction, and in memory of past events. It is foolish, however, to burn incense before them and to use lights, though it is quite wrong to cast them out of the churches and destroy them.

It used to be supposed that the work failed to appreciate the distinction made at the Second Council of Nicaea between the veneration and worship reserved to God alone and the veneration of honour to be paid to images. There was indeed one passage in the Acts of Nicaea which had been mistranslated as confusing the two; and this passage is duly pilloried in the Libri. But other passages in the Libri show awareness that Nicaea made this distinction, e.g. at III. 27, which paraphrases Nicaea as saying that We do not adore images as God nor do we pay them divine worship. But the Libri argue that the distinction made at Nicaea between worship and honour does not justify praying to images or attributing miraculous powers to them, as Nicaea had claimed.

The text points out that the patristic passages cited by Hadrian in support of his position expressed approval of images as a catechetical aid but not of their veneration; it argues forcibly (at III. 17) that it was absurd to require the veneration of images, when generations of martyrs and holy monks had not venerated them; the veneration of images was not to be put on a par with faith. The Libri show a better understanding of the Fathers of the golden patristic age (fourth and fifth centuries) than both the iconophiles (who wrongly claimed that the Fathers upheld the veneration of images) and the iconoclasts (who wrongly claimed that the Fathers disapproved of the making of images).

The old charge that the Franks were misled by a bad translation and failed to appreciate the subtleties of Byzantine theology has therefore been abandoned in sound recent scholarship (e.g. by Thümmel and Auzépy, see Price, listed below, 69–70).

In arguing against Pope Hadrian the Libri also appealed to a letter by Gregory the Great (Registrum XI. 10) that had argued that Pictures are placed in churches not to be adored but purely to instruct the minds of the ignorant. It was therefore able to claim that Hadrian in defending Nicaea II was betraying the true tradition of the Roman Church.

The contents were interpreted by Calvin and other iconoclast writers during the Protestant Reformation as support for their attitude. They were also put on the Index Librorum Prohibitorum, where they remained until 1900, either because of their iconoclastic arguments or because seen as interference by a civil authority in matters of Church doctrine.[9][10]

Editions

In English translation

  • Partial English translation: Caecilia Davis-Weyer, ed. Early Medieval Art 300-1150: Sources and Documents (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1986), pp. 100–103.

References

  1. ^ Dodwell, 32
  2. ^ C. H. Turner, Jean du Tillet: A Neglected Scholar of the Sixteenth Century (Clarendon Press, 1905), p. 54.
  3. ^ Calvin's Institutes
  4. ^ "Libri Carolini, sive, Caroli Magni Capitulare de imaginibus". archive.org. Retrieved 2017-08-11.
  5. ^ a b "Examination of the Caroline Books Archived 2006-06-15 at the Wayback Machine". Early Church Fathers: Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers, Series II, Vol. XIV. Public domain.
  6. ^ Dales, Richard C.The Intellectual Life of Western Europe in the Middle Ages, note 3 on p. 88, BRILL, 1992 ISBN 90-04-09622-1 - summarizes recent scholarship. See also Dodwell, 32
  7. ^ Dales,89
  8. ^ Public Domain This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chambers, Ephraim, ed. (1728). "Libri Carolini". Cyclopædia, or an Universal Dictionary of Arts and Sciences (1st ed.). James and John Knapton, et al.
  9. ^ Paul Oskar Kristeller et al. (editors), Itinerarium Italicum (Brill 1975 ISBN 978-90-0404259-9), p. 90
  10. ^ Dodwell, C.R.; The Pictorial arts of the West, 800-1200, pp. 32-33, 1993, Yale UP, ISBN 0-300-06493-4

Further reading

  • Chazelle, Celia. "Matter, Spirit, and Image in the Libri Carolini." Recherches Augustiniennes 21 (1986): 163-184.
  • Chazelle, Celia. "Images, Scripture, the Church, and the Libri Carolini." In Proceedings of the PMR Conference 16/17 (1992-1993): 53-76.
  • Freeman, Ann. "Theodulf of Orleans and the Libri Carolini." Speculum 32, no. 4 (Oct. 1957): 663-705.
  • Freeman, Ann. "Further Studies in the Libri Carolini, I and II." Speculum 40, no. 2 (1965): 203-289.
  • Freeman, Ann. "Further Studies in the Libri Carolini III." Speculum 46, no. 4 (1971): 597-612.
  • Freeman, Ann. "Carolingian Orthodoxy and the Fate of the Libri Carolini." Viator 16 (1985): 65-108.
  • Froehlich, K. "The Libri Carolini and the Lessons of the Iconoclastic Controversy." In The One Mediator, the Saints, and Mary. Lutherans and Catholics in Dialogue, eds. H. G. Anderson, J. F. Stafford, and J. A. Burgess, 193-208. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1992.
  • Gero, Stephen. “The Libri Carolini and the Image Controversy.” Greek Orthodox Theological Review 18 (1975): 7-34.
  • Noble, Thomas F.X. "Tradition and Learning in Search of Ideology: The Libri Carolini." In The Gentle Voices of Teachers: Aspects of Learning in the Carolingian Age, ed. Richard E. Sullivan, 227-260. Columbus: Ohio State University Press, 1995.
  • Noble, Thomas F. X. Images, Iconoclasm, and the Carolingians. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2009 (esp. pp.158-243).
  • Schade, H. "Die Libri Carolini und ihre Stellung zum Bild." Zeitschrift für katholische Theologie 79 (1957): 69-78.
  • Ommundsen, Aslaug. "The Liberal Arts and the Polemical Strategy of the Opus Caroli Regis Contra Synodum (Libri Carolini)." Symbolae Osloensis 77 (2002): 175-200.
  • Schaff, Philip. "History of the Christian Church, Volume IV, Mediaeval Christianity."
  • Price, Richard, The Acts of the Second Council of Nicaea (787) (Liverpool, 2018), 65–74.
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