Latrunculia biformis
| Latrunculia biformis | |
|---|---|
Scientific classification 
| |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Porifera |
| Class: | Demospongiae |
| Order: | Poecilosclerida |
| Family: | Latrunculiidae |
| Genus: | Latrunculia |
| Subgenus: | Latrunculia |
| Species: | L. biformis
|
| Binomial name | |
| Latrunculia biformis (Kirkpatrick, 1908)
| |
| Synonyms[1] | |
| |
Latrunculia biformis, the mud-clump sponge, is a widespread deep sea demosponge from the southern hemisphere.
Description
This tough and firm sponge is chocolate brown or olive green in colour and grows up to 90 millimetres (3.5 inches) in length and 80 millimetres (3.1 inches) in width.[2][3] They are semi-spherical or ovoid in shape, with the surface covered in conical, volcano-shaped oscules and flattened disk-like projections.[2]
Spicules
- Megascleres: Anisostyles that are smooth and straight or curved. The apical extremity is needle-like.[4]
- Microscleres: Aciculodiscorhabds are very similar to anisodiscorhabds, only differing in having a well developed spined apical projection.[4]
Distribution and habitat
This species is widely distributed across the southern hemisphere. It is a deep sea sponge and has been found at a depth of 18–1,080 m (59–3,543 ft). It is known from the coasts of southwest Africa, Río de la Plata in South America, and the Antarctic and Subantarctic regions.[2]
Biologically important compounds
As is the case with the majority of the species in its genus, the mud-clump sponge contains chemical compounds which are of medical interest. These include several discorhabdins with anti-cancer properties.[3] Additionally, an extracted tridiscorhabdin has been shown to exhibit highly cytotoxic activity against human colon cancer cells.[5] Extracted lipids have also been shown to have strong antioxidative properties.[6]
References
- ^ "Latrunculia biformis". WoRMS. World Register of Marine Species. Retrieved 9 August 2021.
- ^ a b c Atkinson, Lara J; Sink, Kerry J (2018). Field guide to the offshore marine invertebrates of South Africa (PDF). Pretoria: South African Environmental Observation Network. ISBN 978-1-86868-098-6. OCLC 1037159161.
- ^ a b Li; Peifer; Janussen; Tasdemir (2019-07-25). "New Discorhabdin Alkaloids from the Antarctic Deep-Sea Sponge Latrunculia biformis". Marine Drugs. 17 (8): 439. doi:10.3390/md17080439. ISSN 1660-3397. PMC 6722921. PMID 31349703.
- ^ a b Campos, Maurício; Mothes, Beatriz; Veitenheimer Mendes, Inga L. (2007). "Antarctic sponges (Porifera, Demospongiae) of the South Shetland Islands and vicinity: part II. Poecilosclerida". Revista Brasileira de Zoologia. 24 (3): 742–770. doi:10.1590/S0101-81752007000300027. ISSN 0101-8175.
- ^ Li, Fengjie; Pandey, Pankaj; Janussen, Dorte; Chittiboyina, Amar G.; Ferreira, Daneel; Tasdemir, Deniz (2020-03-27). "Tridiscorhabdin and Didiscorhabdin, the First Discorhabdin Oligomers Linked with a Direct C–N Bridge from the Sponge Latrunculia biformis Collected from the Deep Sea in Antarctica". Journal of Natural Products. 83 (3): 706–713. doi:10.1021/acs.jnatprod.0c00023. ISSN 0163-3864. PMID 32105471. S2CID 211556617.
- ^ Botić, Tanja; Cör, Darija; Anesi, Andrea; Guella, Graziano; Sepčić, Kristina; Janussen, Dorte; Kersken, Daniel; Knez, Željko (2015). "Fatty acid composition and antioxidant activity of Antarctic marine sponges of the genus Latrunculia". Polar Biology. 38 (10): 1605–1612. doi:10.1007/s00300-015-1722-z. ISSN 0722-4060. S2CID 2359453.