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Raven Rock Mountain Complex

Coordinates: 39°44′02″N 077°25′10″W / 39.73389°N 77.41944°W / 39.73389; -77.41944[1] (mountain summit)
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This article is about the 1953 nuclear bunker near the Mason–Dixon line. For the 1966 NORAD bunker, see Cheyenne Mountain Complex.

Raven Rock Mountain Complex
Liberty Township, Adams County, Pennsylvania, United States
The Site R tunnel entrance with abutments (39°43′47″N 77°25′57″W / 39.729642°N 77.432468°W / 39.729642; -77.432468, white figure in illustration) now has a building that is visible from a public road intersection to the west, particularly when trees are bare. The tunnel's other (east) opening is near the military installation's above-ground support area near the Route 16 intersection with Jacks Mountain Road.
Raven Rock Mountain Complex is located in Pennsylvania
Raven Rock Mountain Complex
Raven Rock Mountain Complex
Raven Rock Mountain Complex is located in the United States
Raven Rock Mountain Complex
Raven Rock Mountain Complex
Coordinates39°44′02″N 077°25′10″W / 39.73389°N 77.41944°W / 39.73389; -77.41944[1] (mountain summit)
TypeNuclear bunker
Site information
OwnerU.S. government
Site history
Built1951–1953
See also:

The Raven Rock Mountain Complex (RRMC), also known as Site R, is a U.S. military installation with an underground nuclear bunker near Blue Ridge Summit, Pennsylvania, at Raven Rock Mountain that has been called an "underground Pentagon".[3][4][5]: 2  The bunker has emergency operations centers for the United States Army, Navy, Air Force and Marine Corps. Along with Mount Weather Emergency Operations Center in Virginia and the Cheyenne Mountain Complex in Colorado, it formed the core bunker complexes for the US continuity of government plan during the Cold War to survive a nuclear attack.[6]

Description

The installation's largest tenant unit is the Defense Threat Reduction Agency,[7] and RRMC communications are the responsibility of the 114th Signal Battalion.[8] The facility has 38 communications systems, and the Defense Information Systems Agency provides computer services at the complex.

History

Raven Rock Mountain is adjacent to Jacks Mountain on the north while Miney Branch flows west-to-east between them in the Potomac River Watershed. The 1820 Waynesboro-Emmitsburg Turnpike with toll station for the 1787 crossroad was constructed between the mountains, where the Fight at Monterey Gap was conducted after the 1863 Battle of Gettysburg (Stuart's artillery at Raven Rock Gap shelled Federal troops.[9]) In 1870, copper ore was discovered to the north,[10] and the nearby Fountain Dale Springs House was established in 1874.[11][12] The scenic area's mountain recreation facilities to the west included the 1877 Pen Mar Park, the 1878 High Rock Tower, the 1885 Monterey Country Club, and several resorts (e.g., Blue Mountain House, Buena Vista Springs Hotels, & Washington Cliff House). The 1889 Jacks Mountain Tunnel on the Western Extension (Baltimore and Harrisburg Railway) was completed near Raven Rock Mountain, and nearby stations were at Blue Ridge Summit and Charmian. The Army's 1942 Camp Ritchie was built southwest of the resorts, and a local road was built[when?] eastward from Blue Ridge Summit and intersected the north-south Fountaindale-Sabillasville Road (the intersection now provides access to the RRMC main gate.)

Planning for a protected Cold War facility near Washington, D.C. began in 1948 for relocation of military National Command Authorities and the Joint Communications Service.[citation needed]

Army Unit

In 1953 the Army's Raven Rock unit[specify] was part of Joint Support Command, then in 1971 was redesignated as the Directorate of Telecommunications and placed under the garrison commander of Fort Ritchie, where Strategic Communications Command moved. The Directorate was redesignated USACC Site R Telecommunications Center in 1976,[citation needed] then simply USACC Site R in October 1981 (both under 7th Signal Command). Col. Humphrey L. Peterson was the 1983 commander of USACC Site R,[13] which was redesignated in May 1984 as United States Army Information Systems Command - Site R.[14] Operation of the center[who?] was removed from the mission when the unit was redesignated the 1111th U.S. Army Signal Battalion under the 1101st U.S. Army Signal Brigade in October 1988 (under the 1108th U.S. Army Signal Brigade in October 1993), and the battalion remained responsible for maintenance, upkeep and communications.[citation needed] The unit became the 114th Signal Battalion under the 21st Signal Brigade after the 1995 Base Realignment and Closure Commission.[15]

Underground communications center

The planned deep underground communications center was identified in the original 1950 federal petition to seize the Beard Lot, a 1,500-foot-high, mile-long hill located at Fountaindale and extending east and south along the Waynesboro-Emmitsburg road,[16] The "Declaration of Taking" for United States of America v. 1,100 Acres of Land was filed at the Adams County courthouse on 23 January 1951, and made the government the official owner of the 280-acre tract seized from four properties (17 total properties had been requested by 15 February—some only for temporary use).[17][18][19] South of and above the Carson service station on the Sunshine trail,[20] bulldozers began work on 19 January 1951; by 3 February a roadway to the site had been leveled behind a farmhouse;[21] and by 24 February underground work had commenced (40 men working "normally" on that date were only performing above-ground construction).[22] By 26 May the Army had named the landform Raven Rock Mountain ("Raven Rock" is a pillar landform to the north along the mountain range)[1] and listed its elevation as 1,527 feet.[23]

By 20 October 1951, there had been two deaths: one, Roland P. Kelly, of PenMar MD due to premature dynamite detonation in the Beard Lot tunnel, and a power shovel operator from Phillipsburg named Leroy Fleagle who suffered crushing injuries.[24][25] The S. A. Healy Company was working on the alternate Pentagon in November 1951, when the government announced a defense appropriations cutback that would affect the project.[26] On 16 January 1952, the government indicated that when completed, the bunker would have a standby group of approximately 100 personnel. Because of construction damage to the Sunshine Trail, the US said it would rebuild the trail in any fashion the state desired.[27]

By 29 March 1952, more than 100 workers were striking from building additional Raven Rock housing at Camp Ritchie, which was to be a supplemental installation for the underground Pentagon at Fountaindale. No work was going on in the Raven Rock (Beard Lot) tunnel at that time.[28] Local travelers having to bypass on the serpentine on the slope between Monterey and Fountaindale grew frustrated during the delay (the incomplete tunnel was derogatorily dubbed "Harry's Hole," for President Truman.) By 7 April 1952, United Telephone Company rights of way had been secured for four tracts, including one in Cumberland Township.[29] Easements for three additional private tracts were filed by the government in December 1953[30] (a 1954 lawsuit against the U.S. by Alfred Holt was seeking $2,000 an acre for his 140-acre woodlot atop the Beard Lot [after] turning down an offer of $2,800 from the government.)[31]

A 1952 Army history disclosed Raven Rock information.[32] Three underground buildings were completed in 1953,[33] the year a guard shelter burned on the installation.[34] By April 1954, "Little Pentagon" development had cost $35,000,000.[35]

Automatic activation

After the 1954 Air Defense Command blockhouse was built at Ent Air Force Base, where the joint 1955 Continental Air Defense Command was activated, in August 1955 OSD approved the automatic activation of Raven Rock's Alternate Joint Communication Center on declaration of air defense warning or notice of surprise attack[36] (SAC similarly completed a bunker in 1955). The AJCC was equipped with command and control (C2) hardware by the end of 1955.[37]

1956 War Room Annex

In July 1956 at Raven Rock, a joint War Room Annex was established and was operated by the Air Force, and Raven Rock's readiness was broadened in April 1957 [for] activation prior to emergency if JCS thought it necessary.[36] By 1959, the services as well as JCS regarded Raven Rock as their primary emergency deployment center. For the Air Force, it served as Headquarters USAF Advanced, capable of receiving the Chief of Staff and key officers.[38] After President Dwight D. Eisenhower expressed concern about nuclear command and control, a 1958 reorganization in National Command Authority relations with the joint commands was implemented.[39] On 1 July 1958 Raven Rock's USAF facility, ADCC (Blue Ridge Summit), became one of the 33 NORAD Alert Network Number 1 stations (but with receive-only capability as at TAC Headquarters, Sandia Base, and the Presidio at San Francisco.) On 20 October 1960, the JCS instructed the Joint Staff to establish a Joint Alternate Command Element (JACE) for rotating[specify] battle staffs to Raven Rock for temporary duty.[36] In November 1960, consoles at the Pentagon's Joint War Room became operational,[40] and the Raven Rock JACE was activated on 11 July 1961 under USAF Brig. Gen. Willard W. Smith [with the 5] staffs permanently stationed in Washington and an administrative section at Ft. Ritchie—rotations began in October 1961[36] (Fort Ritchie also had the OSD Defense Emergency Relocation Site.)[5]: 2  An expansion project by the Frazier–Davis–McDonald Company was underway in December 1961 at the "little Pentagon",[41] and bunker personnel were evacuated during a 1962 fire.[42] Pentagon construction to provide an entire JCS center at the Joint War Room opened the National Military Command Center (NMCC) in early October 1962.[43] It was initially considered an interim center until a nearby Deep Underground Command Center (DUCC) could be completed after which Raven Rock would be phased out as superfluous, whichever version [50-man or 300-man DUCC] was chosen, but neither was built[44]—nor were SAC's similar Deep Underground Support Center or NORAD's Super Combat Centers.

1962 ANMCC

"ANMCC" redirects here. For the detailed National Military Command Center description, see Joint War Room § 1962 NMCC.

Raven Rock's joint War Room, USAF ADCC, and other facilities were designated the Alternate National Military Command Center (ANMCC) on 1 October 1962 when the Burroughs SS-416L Control and Warning Support System with the Semi Automatic Ground Environment had been deployed (Back-Up Interceptor Control began at North Bend AFS in December.) The term AJCC remained in use, only [for] the Army-managed communications complex.[45] On 17 October 1962, DOD Directive S-5100.30 conceived the Worldwide Military Command and Control System with five groups of C2 systems: the National Military Command System was the primary group (to serve the President/SECDEF/JCS) and was to contain the Pentagon NMCC, Raven Rock's ANMCC, 3 NEACP aircraft on 24-hour ground alert, 2 NECPA ships, and interconnecting communications[36]—the Raven Rock bunker was hardened further to about 140 psi blast resistance by 1963[39]: 315  when the Cheyenne Mountain nuclear bunker was being completed for tbd psi. The USAF's subsequent IBM 473L Command and Control System with AN/FYA-2 Integrated Data Transfer Consoles and Large Panel Display Subsystem had equipment deployed at both the NMCC and ANMCC[46] (a 2nd IBM 1410 computer was installed by 15 December 1966.)[37]: 47 

1976 Telecommunications Center

The USACC Site R Telecommunications Center was designated in 1976, and the 1977 Alternate National Military Command and Control Center Improvement Program was worked on by the DoD Special Projects Office (later renamed Protective Design Center) for a new deep underground C2 center with >3 mi (4.8 km) of air entrainment tunnels (cancelled in 1979.)[citation needed] After the 2001 September 11 attacks, Vice President Dick Cheney used Raven Rock as a protected site away from President George W. Bush.[47][48] Notably, United States Deputy Secretary of Defense Paul Wolfowitz remained at Raven Rock during the aftermath of the 9/11 attacks as Defense Secretary Donald Rumsfeld refused to evacuate the Pentagon.[49]

The Raven Rock Mountain Complex was declared part of the Pentagon Reservation under 10 U.S.C. § 2674(g) and on May 25, 2007, DoD policy declared it is unlawful for any person entering or on the property ..."to make any photograph, sketch, picture, drawing, map or graphical representation of the Raven Rock Mountain Complex without first obtaining the necessary permission."[50]

In 1977, the bunker had an Emergency Conference Room, and the Current Action Center was a military intelligence unit (an Air Force general was responsible for overseeing the installation's communications).[51]

  • In the Fallout series of video games, it is home to the Enclave, a post-apocalyptic successor to the U.S. government. It was featured in the 2008 video game Fallout 3 and referenced in both Fallout 4 (in a Boston Bugle article readable on a RobCo terminal at the Bugle's offices in Beacon Hill), and Fallout 76 as having been in contact with the AI at the Whitespring Bunker (the real world Project Greek Island) until communications between them were deliberately cut. The games' developer, Bethesda, also used the name for a location in the Elder Scrolls series of video games.
  • In the TV series Jeremiah, Raven Rock is where the sinister Valhalla Sector survived the pandemic which killed almost all of the other adults on the planet before emerging with plans of conquest.
  • In Prison Break, Raven Rock is an identified location.
  • The complex has an important role in the 2013 sci-fi movie Oblivion, in which it is the headquarters of an underground resistance movement against an alien invasion.
  • In the third book of the One Second After series, Raven Rock is referred to as "Site R" and is used by the U.S. government to house highly important citizens and government officials.
  • In the TV series Salvation, Raven Rock is referred to as a site to house government officials in the case of an asteroid collision with earth.
  • In the book series Mitch Rapp, the president and his cabinet are moved to "Site R" multiple times throughout the series.
  • The book Inside Threat by Matthew Quirk takes place almost entirely inside the Raven Rock Complex

Further reading

External images
image icon 1952 tunnel photo
image icon Locked gate and shack
  • Mcyntire, H. J. (2000) Department of Defense Freedom Of Information Act Inquiry 00-F-0019 Site R Civil Defense Site
  • Graff, Garrett M. (2017). Raven Rock: The Story of the U.S. Government's Secret Plan to Save Itself. New York: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-1-47673-540-5.

References

  1. ^ a b "Raven Rock Mountain (1184711)". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey, United States Department of the Interior. Retrieved 3 June 2014.
    "Raven Rock (pillar, 1211037)". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey, United States Department of the Interior. Retrieved 3 June 2014. 39°49′57″N 077°22′49″W / 39.83250°N 77.38028°W / 39.83250; -77.38028
  2. ^ Communications facilities at a National Level (Report). Defense Communications Agency. 1 March 1961. p. 2. Retrieved 24 October 2011 – via A Secret Landscape: America's Cold War Infrastructure. ...Hardened Emergency Command Post and Relocation site for the Executive Branch of the Government at Mount Weather (separate webpages for each report page)
  3. ^ "Life on the Newsfronts". Life. 1 March 1954. p. 40.
  4. ^ Cillizza, Chris (3 January 2018). "There's no such thing as a 'nuclear button'". CNN Politics. Retrieved 10 February 2019. Quoting Garrett Graff, Raven Rock: The Inside Story of the US Government's Secret Plan to Save Itself -- While the Rest of Us Die.
  5. ^ a b Communications facilities at a National Level (Report). Defense Communications Agency. 1 March 1961. pp. 2, 22 – via A Secret Landscape: America's Cold War Infrastructure.
  6. ^ Graff, Garrett M. (2017). Raven Rock: The Story of the U.S. Government's Secret Plan to Save Itself. New York: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-1-47673-540-5.
  7. ^ Weinberger, Sharon (11 June 2008). "How To: Visit a Secret Nuclear Bunker". Wired. Retrieved 10 February 2019.
  8. ^ "Battalion Mission". 114th Signal Battalion, "Signal Masters of the Rock". Archived from the original on 26 November 2005. Retrieved 26 November 2005.
  9. ^ Conrad, W. P.; Alexander, Ted (1982). When War Passed This Way. Greencastle, PA: Lilian S. Besore Memorial Library. p. 199.
  10. ^ "Local Department: Copper Ore". Gettysburg Compiler. 1 July 1870. Retrieved 10 February 2019 – via Google News Archive Search.
  11. ^ "History of Adams County". The Gettysburg Times. 24 February 1932. p. 4. Retrieved 10 February 2019 – via Google News Archive Search.
  12. ^ "Chapter XXXV: Hamiltonban Township". History of Cumberland and Adams Counties, Pennsylvania. Chicago: Warner, Beers & Co. 1886. Retrieved 10 February 2019 – via USGenWeb Archives.
  13. ^ "1st Lt. Banks takes command of Support Company at Ritchie". Frederick News-Post. 8 April 1983. p. 9. Retrieved 10 February 2019 – via NewspaperARCHIVE.
  14. ^ "Site-R Raven Rock". Global Security.org. Retrieved 29 November 2010.
  15. ^ "Site-R Raven Rock; Alternate Joint Communications Center (AJCC)". Federation of American Scientists. Retrieved 10 February 2019.
  16. ^ "Government To Begin Work on Fountaindale Ridge Monday". The Gettysburg Times. Vol. 49, no. 18. 20 January 1951. Retrieved 2 June 2014 – via Google News Archive Search. Plans of the government to begin work Monday at the "Beard Lot"... were revealed today [Saturday] by Attorney Charles W. Kalp, assistant U.S. attorney at Lewisburg. The "Beard Lot," a 1,500-foot-high, mile-long hill located at Fountaindale and extending east and south along the Waynesboro-Emmitsburg road, will be used, it is believed, as part of an underground world-wide communications center ... government had been granted ..."immediate possession" orders on four of 26 properties previously listed for condemnation in a [federal] petition ... A petition ... originally filed for the entire 1,100-acre area surrounding and including the "Beard Lot."... properties condemned were those of the heirs of Samuele Warren containing 47½ acres, the Hoy Martin property of 103 acres [E of the Fountaindale-Sabillasville road], the three-acre property of Harold M. and Sylvia Caron and the 87½-acre property of Robert and Vialo Kipe. ... super underground communications center [when] the "Beard Lot" is to be annexed, according to the government's original petition ... the Carsons had been told that the government wanted their land "for an entrance. ... the former [turnpike] Route 16, now returned to Hamiltonban township with the opening of the Sunshine Trail, would be used for regular vehicular traffic while the other [Route 16] highway is closed."
  17. ^ "Judge Refuses to give 'Bishop' Mineral Data". The Gettysburg Times. Vol. 51, no. 197. 19 August 1953. p. 3. Retrieved 10 February 2019 – via Google News Archive Search.
  18. ^ "More Land Is Obtained For Army Project". The Gettysburg Times. Vol. 49, no. 40. 15 February 1951. p. 1. Retrieved 10 February 2019 – via Google News Archive Search.
  19. ^ "More Land Is Obtained For Army Project". Gettysburg Compiler. 17 February 1951. p. 3. Retrieved 10 February 2019 – via Google News Archive Search.
  20. ^ "Government Starts Work on 'Beard Lot'". Gettysburg Compiler. 27 January 1951. p. 4. Retrieved 10 February 2019 – via Google News Archive Search.
  21. ^ "Say 'Second Pentagon' Being Built in County Hills; Road is Underway; Tunnel is Next". The Star and Sentinel. Vol. 151, no. 5. 3 February 1951. p. 1. Retrieved 10 February 2019 – via Google News Archive Search.
  22. ^ "Work Stoppage at Beard Lot". The Star and Sentinel. Vol. 151, no. 7. 24 February 1951. p. 1. Retrieved 10 February 2019 – via Google News Archive Search.
  23. ^ "Magazine Says 'Brass Hats' go Underground". The Gettysburg Times. Vol. 49, no. 128. 26 May 1951. p. 1. Retrieved 10 February 2019 – via Google News Archive Search. 'Pentagon No. 2'...'Shadow Pentagon'...with a finished chamber ... 2,100 feet long [and] four suites for top officials [and space for] a staff of 1,200..in the underground center in peacetime and 5,000 in wartime.
  24. ^ "Young Father of Four Killed on Beard Lot". The Gettysburg Times. Vol. 49, no. 251. 16 October 1951. p. 1. Retrieved 10 February 2019 – via Google News Archive Search.
  25. ^ "Tunnel Project Worker Injured". The Gettysburg Times. Vol. 49, no. 42. 17 February 1951. p. 1. Retrieved 10 February 2019 – via Google News Archive Search.
  26. ^ "Work Goes on At 'Little Pentagon'". The Gettysburg Times. Vol. 49, no. 267. 8 November 1951. p. 2. Retrieved 2 June 2014 – via Google News Archive Search.
  27. ^ "Will Rebuild Sunshine Trail". The Gettysburg Times. Vol. 50, no. 16. 16 January 1952. p. 1. Retrieved 10 February 2019 – via Google News Archive Search.
  28. ^ "Strike Continues at Camp Ritchie". Gettysburg Compiler. 29 March 1952. p. 4. Retrieved 10 February 2019 – via Google News Archive Search.
  29. ^ "Rights of Way Filed by Phone Company". The Gettysburg Times. Vol. 50, no. 81. 7 April 1952. p. 1. Retrieved 10 February 2019 – via Google News Archive Search.
  30. ^ "File Right of Way". Gettysburg Compiler. 26 December 1953. Retrieved 10 February 2019 – via Google News Archive Search.
  31. ^ "Countians Give Land Estimates". The Gettysburg Times. Vol. 52, no. 30. 4 February 1954. p. 2. Retrieved 10 February 2019 – via Google News Archive Search.
  32. ^ "Emergency 'Pentagon' Still Secret". Sarasota Herald-Tribune. Vol. XXVIII, no. 36. 8 November 1952. p. 5. Retrieved 10 February 2019 – via Google News Archive Search.
  33. ^ "Raven Rock Mountain Complex". About Camp David. 23 August 2011. Retrieved 10 February 2019.
  34. ^ "Shelter Burns at Raven Rock". The Gettysburg Times. Vol. 51, no. 43. 19 February 1953. p. 2. Retrieved 10 February 2019 – via Google News Archive Search.
  35. ^ "Shoulder of Raven Rock is Swept By Fire". The Gettysburg Times. Vol. 51, no. 43. 14 April 1954. p. 2. Retrieved 10 February 2019 – via Google News Archive Search.
  36. ^ a b c d e Sturm, Thomas A. (August 1966). The Air Force and The Worldwide Military Command and Control System: 1961–1965 (Declassified 6/05/05) (PDF) (Report). Retrieved 15 May 2014.
  37. ^ a b Sturm, Thomas A. (August 1967). The Air Force Command and Control System: 1950–1966 (PDF) (Report). USAF Historical Division Liaison Office. Retrieved 2 April 2014. The Army maintained that the Air Force command and control network was insufficiently reliable to permit proper control of Army weapons [e.g., Nike missiles] in a crisis, and as a result the two services were, from a practical standpoint, poles apart on the issue of single control of weapons.
  38. ^ Wainstein, L. (Project Leader) (June 1975). The Evolution of U.S. Strategic Command and Control and Warning, 1945–1972: Executive Summary (Report). Vol. Study S-467. Institute for Defense Analyses. pp. xi–xxviii.
  39. ^ a b Wainstein, L. (Project Leader) (June 1975). The Evolution of U.S. Strategic Command and Control and Warning, 1945–1972 (Report). Institute for Defense Analyses.
  40. ^ Moriarty, J. K. (June 1975). The Evolution of U.S. Strategic Command and Control and Warning: Part Two (1954–1960) (Report). Vol. Study S-467. Institute for Defense Analyses. pp. 139–266.
  41. ^ "Carpenter at 'Raven Rock' Dies Suddenly". The Gettysburg Times. Vol. 59, no. 302. 21 December 1961. p. 1. Retrieved 10 February 2019 – via Google News Archive Search.
  42. ^ "Fire Sweeps Raven Rock Power Plant". The Gettysburg Times. Vol. 60, no. 34. 9 February 1962. p. 1. Retrieved 10 February 2019 – via Google News Archive Search.
  43. ^ Vogel, Steve (27 May 2008). The Pentagon: A History. Random House Publishing Group. p. 362. ISBN 978-1-58836-701-3.
  44. ^ Ponturo, J. (June 1975). The Evolution of U.S. Strategic Command and Control and Warning: Part Three (1961–1967) (Report). Vol. Study S-467. Institute for Defense Analyses. pp. 267–370. In February [1962], the Secretary of Defense approved a National Military Command System (NMCS) composed of four major elements: the National Military Command Center (NMCC), an evolution of the JCS Joint War Room; the Alternate National Military Command Center (ANMCC), a redesignation of the JCS installation at the AJCC; and two mobile alternates, the NECPA and the NEACP. The following October he issued a DoD directive on the Worldwide Military Command and Control System (WWMCCS) that outlined the NMCS in detail, to include the NMCC, ANMCC, NECPA, NEACP, and such other alternates as might be established, together with their interconnecting communications; and defined their relationship to the command and control "subsystems" of the service headquarters, the CINCs, and other DoD agencies. ...The fixed underground ANMCC would be phased out as superfluous, whichever version [50-man or 300-man DUCC] was chosen, and the other NMCS facilities would be cut back to some degree according to one or the other.
  45. ^ Citation 8 in Sturm 1966 on page 18.
  46. ^ Brown, C.B. (4 December 1962). 473L DPSS/ICSS Interface Description (PDF) (Report). MITRE Corporation. Archived from the original (Technical Memorandum) on 24 October 2014. Retrieved 7 April 2014.
  47. ^ Goldstein, Steve (20 July 2004). "Undisclosed location' disclosed: A visit offers some insight into Cheney hide-out". The Boston Globe. Retrieved 10 February 2019.
  48. ^ Roddy, Dennis (16 December 2001). "Homefront: Site R is secure, but it's not undisclosed". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. Archived from the original on 4 January 2002.
  49. ^ "Secrets of 9/11: New details of chaos, confusion emerge". NBC News. 11 September 2016. Retrieved 11 September 2023.
  50. ^ "Rules and Regulations: Conduct on the Pentagon Reservation". Federal Register. 72 (101). 25 May 2007. Retrieved 10 February 2019 – via Federation of American Scientists.
  51. ^ Bertorelli, Paul (25 July 1977). "The Rock: Buried in the bowels of underground Pentagon a mountain waits for war". Morning Herald. Retrieved 3 June 2014 – via About The White House Communications Agency from 1965 to 1974.......and Beyond. Half mile long tunnels were drilled into the center of the mountain and were curved gently to reduce effects of a blast. ... near Sharpsburg, A great field of giant poles 150 feet high has sprung up 10 miles south of this Western Maryland community a 1953 Washington Post report from Hagerstown said. That project along with a similar one near Greencastle Pa was built as a communication system for The Rock. Known as Site B and Site A respectively both were abandoned in the 1960s when communication improvement made the facilities obsolete.
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