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For the biological process related to reproduction, see Capacitation.

Large-group capacitation is an adult education and social psychology concept associated with the Brazilian sociologist Clodomir Santos de Morais, and grounded in the "activity"[1][2] of the individual and the social psychology of the large group.[3][4][5] When applied to the context of the Organization Workshop (OW), which, historically, has been used mainly for the purpose of job creation and income generation,[9] it is known as Metodología da Capacitação Massiva (MCM) in Portuguese, Método de Capacitación Masiva (MCM)[10] in Spanish and as Large-Group Capacitation Method (LGCM)[3][5] in English.

Coinage

The English term capacitation is a translation of the latino[11] terms capacitação (Portuguese)/capacitación (Spanish).[12][13]Capacitation marks the generic difference between transitive[14] and intransitive[15] modes of learning and communicating[16][17] implicit in de Morais' aphorism se aprende, porém não se capacita (Portuguese) : "[The trainee] learns, but is not capacitated".[18][19] Capacitation, – from capacitação (Portuguese) -,[20] here, is reminiscent of the adult education concept of conscientization – from conscientização (Portuguese) -, popularized by Brazilian theorist, activist and a lifelong friend of Clodomir's, Paulo Freire.[21] While Freire's work was translated into English as early as 1970,[22] de Morais' Organization Workshop (OW) – and, hence, moraisean large-group capacitation (LGC) – did not come to the attention of the English-speaking public until the mid-80s, when the Chilean Social Psychologists I. & I. Labra moved to Zimbabwe and transferred the method to the (southern) African context.[23] Latino texts were initially translated on an 'ad hoc' basis, including the 'dictionary' translation of capacitación (Spanish) as training (English).[24][25] Cherrett's 1992 first ever translation into English of de Morais' Apuntes de Teoría de la Organización,[26] also, was still referred to as a "Training" Manual. It was not until the ALFA International Conference[27] in Manchester, UK, in 1998, attended by de Morais and academics from four European and four Latin American Universities,[28] that a consensus was reached on the dedicated terms Capacitation and Large Group Capacitation (LGC).[29]

Capacitation in community health, adult education and international development

Capacitation (outside the field of biology) has been used previously, in English, mainly to emphasize educational content which differs from and/or transcends the basic meaning of the English one-size-fits-all training.[30] In some sectors of Community health, "capacitation" is said to be synonymous with empowering training. Capacitation has also historically been used in the area of adult education, starting with Paulo Freire, who, in the seventies, uses the term "Technical Proficiency Capacitation" to refer to a (n adult) learning activity which can "never be reduced to the level of mere training".[31] In the eighties, Capacitation is defined, by the ILO, as: "availability of opportunities for people to build up their capacities to move from the status of object and passive victims of social processes to the status of subjects guided by self-consciousness and active agents of change".[32] The UNRISD (Geneva) had started (in the seventies) to promote the term capacitation as a "problem-solving, educational" alternative to the then prevalent but mainly pragmatic 'social amelioration' approaches to International development.[33] Jan Nederveen Pieterse[34] contrasts "capacitation"/human development, as proposed by alternative or autonomous (aka self-development) theorists – (such as e.g. Korten, 1990; Max-Neef, 1991; Rahman, 1993 and Carmen, 1996), – with "development-as -economic growth" theorists' for whom, according to Pieterse, capital accumulation is the ultimate Development objective. By the mid-nineties, any mention of capacitation had virtually disappeared from the International Development scene, to be replaced by the World-Bank-sponsored Capacity Building[35][36][37][38] discourse. Although de Morais worked for many years with a range of UN and International Agencies, his "Activity"-based[39] pedagogy never became common currency there, possibly, as Sobrado suggests, because of, among others, its then presumed "Evil Empire" pedigree.[40][43]

Moraisean large-group capacitation (LGC): overview

The major theoretical influence, acknowledged by de Morais,[3][44] in the development of the LGC concept and method, is the work of Aleksei N. Leontiev[49] specifically his concept of Objective(ized) Activity[50] which means that, in order to change the mind-set of individuals, we need to start with changes to their activity – and/or to the object that "suggests" their activity.[51] Objective(ized) Activity is at the core of what Labra has referred to as "another" tradition[52] of Social Psychology, namely the Cultural-historical Activity Theory-based branch of Social Psychology,[53] which sets it apart from mainstream (behaviorist/lewinian[54] Social Psychology of small groups.[55] The 'locus'[56] of activity-based LGC is the Organization Workshop(OW),[57] a learning event where participants, applying social division of labor principles,[58] master new organizational knowledge and skills through a learning-by-doing approach. In OW-learning, the trainer's role is merely subsidiary (known as "scaffolding" in Activity Theory).[59] In other words, it is not the trainer/instructor who teaches, but "the object that teaches".[60][61] Moraisean capacitation, then..."involves several elements: mastery of a practical experience,[62] perhaps with some theoretical guidance but at least with some theoretical insight;[63] an element in which the object itself guides or influences the subject's understanding in the course of the activity;[64] a process of critical reflection on action and on motives of action.[66] Crucially, it always involves working with the whole and not a small part of the system".[67][68]

History of application

Part of the group of 850 who took part in the 1992 Matzinho 'Field' Organization Workshop (FOW), in war-torn Mozambique

The insights that gave rise to what came to be known as the moraisean Large Group Capacitation Method (LGCM)[5] were an unanticipated consequence of a 30-day course, in 1954, for a large group [69] of the Northeast Region, Brazil Peasant Leagues' middle-level leadership to study Brazilian Agrarian reform law. The group met under clandestine conditions at a family home normally accommodating 7 people, in a heavily policed part of Recife (Brazil).[70] Through the early 1960s de Morais staged workshops of an experimental character throughout the northeast of Brazil. After he was forced into exile following the 1964 coup d'état, he worked as ILO Agrarian Reform Regional Advisor for Central America, and later under the auspices of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), he was able to launch a multitude of 'Experimental Laboratories' (later called Organization Workshops in the Southern Africa version of the method). From 1973 he applied the emerging method to peasants' capacitation within the Agrarian reform Program of Honduras:[74] over three years more than 200 workshops took place, with participation of more than 24000 peasants[75] and government officers from around the region. Over the years de Morais worked as consultant and/or director with the UNDP, FAO, and Catholic Relief Services. Elsewhere the OW has been sponsored by Hivos, Norwegian People's Aid, terre des hommes, Concern Worldwide, Redd Barna and, recently e.g. in South Africa, the Seriti Institute,[76] Soul City Institute[77] and government departments such as South Africa's Department of Social Development. The OW, in a variety of local, regional and national applications, and in different formats,[78] has spread, over the years, to Costa Rica, Mexico, Panamá, Colombia, El Salvador, Honduras, Venezuela, Ecuador, Peru, Nicaragua, Guatemala, Brazil, the Caribbean, a number of African countries as well as Europe.[79]

See also

Publications

Notes and references

  1. ^ Meaning, among others, a real activity (vs. mere simulation exercise); an experiential learning activity; a Cultural-Historical Activity Theory-based activity.
  2. ^ Andersson 2013, p. 5 ss on de Morais' use of Activity Theory.
  3. ^ a b c de Morais Chapter 3 in Carmen & Sobrado 2000
  4. ^ Labra, Iván, 1992, 3.2. p. 82: "psicología social de grandes grupos"(Spanish); Carmen & Sobrado 2000 Chapter 2; Labra 2014: Social Psychology of the Large Group.
  5. ^ a b c Large Group Capacitation Method. "Large Group Capacitation Method: event description". Be Sociable. Archived from the original on 17 May 2014. Retrieved 2 January 2014.
  6. ^ Andersson, Gavin, An example of Civic Driven Change? (PDF), Kwanda: Communities with Soual, archived from the original (PDF) on 5 November 2013
  7. ^ "Términos de Referencia: Contratación de Servicio de capacitacion en Diseño de Productos y Servicios con el Componente de Identidad" (PDF) (in Spanish). Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 October 2013.
  8. ^ "Defining social development". Indices of Social Development. International Institute of Social Studies. Archived from the original on 3 October 2012.
  9. ^ but more recently, especially in South Africa[6] and Costa Rica,[7] for broader-based Social[8] and Community Development initiatives.
  10. ^ Sobrado & Rojas 2006, p. 125 (online): "Annex: A methodological path". Also (book): Sobrado & Rojas, 2006 ISBN 9977-65-281-3 p. 185ss EUNA, Costa Rica, and Orsatti 2010; Sobrado 2012.
  11. ^ latino, as the method originated in Latin America see: Organization Workshop.
  12. ^ The Spanish section of the tri-lingual UNESCO 1979 "Adult Education Glossary" explains that the term capacitación (Spanish) is usually followed by the adjectives vocational or technical, ie preparation for qualified employment – re: "trabajo calificado" (Spanish) (p. 79).
  13. ^ NB: the English verb to capacitate means to make capable; to enable – from capax (Latin) = capable. (As for "biological process related to reproduction", see: Capacitation).
  14. ^ That is, subject-to-subject transmission of knowledge, skills and communication(s). Banking education (Freire) "in which the teacher issues communiques and makes deposits which the students patiently receive, memorize, and repeat" would be an example of such subject-to-subject transitive mode, in the field of education.
  15. ^ That is, non-transitive, object-to-subject 'objective activity', i.e. where the object teaches or how adults learn, ie autonomously – see: Andragogy and Sobrado 2012, p. 50 "Andragogy forms the basis of the process".
  16. ^ e.g. Correia 2007, p. 7–8
  17. ^ The "Concise Oxford Dictionary" 2004, OUP ISBN 978-0-19-8609773 p. 110 translates capacitación (Spanish) as training (English). – Conversely, the Spanish translation of "training"(English) is not capacitación (Spanish), but, instead, entrenamiento (Spanish)/ adiestriamiento (Spanish). Alternatively: entrenamento(Portuguese)/adestramento(Portuguese).
  18. ^ de Morais in: Souza 2006 p. 6 (nb. Portuguese original): "Professional training [models] generally transfer elements of theory well before practical elements are produced. The latter aborts the capacitation process: the trainee learns, but is not capacitated: se aprende, porém não se capacita (Portuguese).
  19. ^ de Morais 1987a, p. 136 (nb. Spanish original) "To prioritize elements of theory before introducing elements of practice, means that the capacitation process of those involved in the setting the "Organization Workshop Enterprise" is being frustrated: they learn but are not capacitated: se aprende, pero no se capacita(Spanish).
  20. ^ Andersson 2004, p. 166–170: "Capacitation".
  21. ^ Carmen & Sobrado 2000, p. 39: "A final moment with Paulo Freire – 1997".
  22. ^ Freire 1970. See also: Pedagogy of the Oppressed
  23. ^ Carmen & Sobrado 2000, p. 115 Ch 12: "Hard Learning in Zimbabwe".
  24. ^ 'Training' also happened to coincide with potential sponsors' Development glossaries, e.g. the ILO's 1980s Persons with Lower Levels of Literacy (LLLs) training modules Archived 5 February 2015 at the Wayback Machine.
  25. ^ 'Dictionary' translations of capacitação (Portuguese)/capacitación (Spanish) (translated as "training") occasionally can be found in official documents, as, e.g., in Nacif 1998, which is a Government translation of Vera Nacif's original Spanish text Archived 23 October 2013 at the Wayback Machine.
  26. ^ transl: "Notes on a Theory of Organization" (ETC, Newcastle, UK)
  27. ^ ALFA – America Latina Formación Academica Archived 10 July 2015 at the Wayback Machine
  28. ^ Manchester UK, Wageningen, Netherlands, Basque University Spain, Pisa Italy, Chapingo Mexico, Central University Venezuela, National University and Public University of Costa Rica. (see: Carmen, Labra & Davis 1999)
  29. ^ Carmen, Labra & Davis 1999 p. 10
  30. ^ Etymology of Training quote : "from the 14th Century Old French trahiner – to drag". (NB: which would be a clear indication of its transitive pedigree of the English term).
  31. ^ Freire 1973, p. 160.
  32. ^ Tilakaratna 1987 p. 23: "Capacitation".
  33. ^ Wolfe 1996 page 39: "Capacitation of national societies". (NB: French: La capacitation is a synonym for French: la prise en charge ('taking charge') – in this case, of one's own destiny).
  34. ^ See comparative table – (between "Growth-led" and "Equity-led" Development – p. 354 in Pieterse 1998.
  35. ^ Eade 1997, p. 2: "No summit goes by without ritual calls for capacity building programmes"
  36. ^ Andersson 2004, p. 168-9: "Much of southern development practitioners' capacity enhancing practice is in the transitive vein of providing training courses for on one or another identified "capacity need".
  37. ^ International Agencies, prominently the World Bank, as from the nineties, opted for "Capacity Building", influenced, partly, as Andersson 2004, p. 168 suggests, by Amartya Sen's then up-and-coming "Capability approach" to International Development.
  38. ^ (Capacity) "Building": "To build" means "to form by combining materials or parts". According to Andersson 2004, p. 168. "Capacitation", – on the other hand -, "always involves working with the whole – (i.e. the entire process/activity at the same time) – and not with (a) small part(s) of the system".
  39. ^ refer, e.g., Labra & Labra 2012; Carmen & Sobrado 2000, p. 118 (n.2). See also: § Moraisean large-group capacitation (LGC): overview section of this article
  40. ^ re: Sobrado in Carmen & Sobrado 2000, p. 21
  41. ^ Evans, Scot D. "Review of Critical Community Psychology".
  42. ^ Kagan et al 2011, p. 195–197
  43. ^ NB: A 2011 English language Critical Community Psychology textbook[41] does present moraisean Capacitation as one of four possible "strategies of action"[42]
  44. ^ de Morais 1987a, pp. 19–23
  45. ^ "Cultural Historical Activity Theory (CHAT)" (PDF). InterMedia.
  46. ^ "Yrjö Engeström, Professor". Center for Activity Theory and Developmental Work Research. University of Helsinki. Archived from the original on 18 February 2014.
  47. ^ "Mike Cole". The Laboratory of Comparative Human Cognition.
  48. ^ Wertsch, J.V. (1998). Mind as Action. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-511753-0.
  49. ^ Leontiev 1978. Refer also Andersson 2004, p. 219, who sees Alexei Nikolaevich (and his son A.A.) Leontiev as belonging to the wider Russian School Cultural-historical psychology tradition, pioneered by Lev Vygotsky and taken forward in recent years by ('3rd generation'[45]) Finnish Activity theorist Yrjö Engeström[46] – see: Andersson 2004, p. 214 and Andersson 2013, p. 8, note 17. (Other 'Activity' theorists: Michael Cole,[47] Jean Lave, James Wertsch,[48] et al).
  50. ^ Leontiev 1978, p. 50 ss; Labra 1992, p. 53(Actividad Objetivada (Spanish); Labra & Labra 2012; Carmen & Sobrado 2000, p. 118 & note 2; Andersson 2013, p. 6ss
  51. ^ Objectivized Activity or Actividad Objetivada (Spanish) and Atividade Objetivada(Portuguese), from the original Предметная деятельность(Russian) (predmetnaja-dejatelnost), or Gegenständliche Tätigkeit(German), also known as Objective Activity, is explained in Chapter three of Leontiev 1978, p. 50ss. According to the OW approach, the Objectivized Activity concept implies the recognition that, in order to change the mind-set of individuals, we need to start with changes to their activity – and/or to the object that "suggests" their activity. In the Organization Workshop context, the real enterprise the participants are engaged in is that "object that teaches". From a pedagogical perspective the choice of "object" is crucial. To ensure that a social scale of activity was engendered, de Morais made the requirement that a common resource pool be put at the disposal of participants, which requires that production processes be regulated (co-ordinated), independently from the whims of various collaborators. Andersson 2013 p. 6. ; Carmen & Sobrado 2000, p. 63.
  52. ^ Labra 2014, p. 3
  53. ^ Cultural-historical psychology, in Andersson's words, "explains de Morais' method" re: Andersson 2004, p. 214; Carmen & Sobrado 2000, p. 129
  54. ^ Andersson 2004, p. 213: Lewinian Social Psychology (e.g. Group Dynamics); Labra 2014, p. 10.
  55. ^ Carmen & Sobrado 2000, p. 165–166: 'small group' social psychology; Andersson & Richards 2012; Labra 2014 pp. 14 & 18: Social Psychology of Small Groups.
  56. ^ The word locus (plural loci) is Latin for "place".
  57. ^ defined by de Morais as "a practical exercise in the creation of a real enterprise" de Morais 1979.
  58. ^ Sobrado 2012 p. 49.; Carmen & Sobrado 2000 Chap. 2.
  59. ^ Andersson 2013, p. 24 quoting Vygotsky n.59 and Andersson 2004 pp. 227–234: "Zone of proximal development (ZPD) or the gap between what an individual learner, or group of learners, has already mastered without assistance (the actual level of development), and what they potentially can achieve with the guidance of an experienced assistant or peer".
  60. ^ Sobrado in Carmen & Sobrado 2000, p. 209: the traditional relationship between trainee and instructor ceases to apply.
  61. ^ The fact that it is the "OW Object" itself that "teaches" does not preclude or exclude the provision of professional training (in the trades, enterprises, services that the participants have chosen to engage in). How 'capacitation' and 'training' go hand in hand is clear, for example, from the diary of a Resource person Archived 8 May 2014 at the Wayback Machine (i.e.trainer) at the 1994 Munguine OW in Mozambique.
  62. ^ see de Morais 1979: The OW is "a practical exercise in the creation of a real enterprise".
  63. ^ see the theoretical notions of e.g. "Zone of Proximal Development" (ZPD) and "Scaffolding" above.
  64. ^ see: Objectivized Activity Archived 5 November 2013 at the Wayback Machine in Andersson 2010, p. 2 (ppt slides).
  65. ^ Andersson 2004, p. 161
  66. ^ "Critical Balance" (CB), an integral part of the OW process, also known as self-regulated learning in adult education, ensures that day-to-day tasks always keep sight of long-term objectives.[65]
  67. ^ "the whole" as compared to "combining materials or parts" (as e.g. in aforementioned "Capacity Building").
  68. ^ As quoted from Andersson 2004, p. 168.
  69. ^ 50 to 60 persons, depending on sources. de Morais, then a lawyer and one of the Peasant League co-founders, attended as legal consultant.
  70. ^ see:Carmen & Sobrado 2000 Chapter 2 pp. 14–25 and Andersson 2004 p. 130 quote: "this led de Morais to think about other practical exercises where a shared resource base, activity and the need for analytical thought would stimulate the formation of organizational activists".
  71. ^ Morais, C.; Torres-Rivas, E.; Gomes, G. (1975). El modelo hondureño de desarrollo agrario. Programa de capacitacion campesina para la reforma agraria: Serie didáctica (in Spanish). Programa de Capacitación Campesina para la Reforma Agraria.
  72. ^ de Morais 1976
  73. ^ Carmen & Sobrado 2000, Chapter 6
  74. ^ Where he was consultant in charge of the PROCCARA Program (Campesino Capacitation Program for Agrarian Reform), which was to become the blueprint for the "Honduran Model",[71] i.e. the application of the OW on a countrywide basis.[72][73]
  75. ^ OW events are open to groups of minimum 40 and up to 1,000 and more participants, local conditions permitting. Childcare (and food) provision tend to be some of the primary foci around which the group gets organized. (Other sources speak of participants becoming "organizationally literate".)
  76. ^ re: Learning and Capacitation Programme Archived 13 March 2014 at the Wayback Machine
  77. ^ Ramafoko, Andersson & Weiner 2012
  78. ^ Correia in Carmen & Sobrado 2000, p. 199, and Correia 2007, p. 6 explain the four types of Workshop: the Course OW, the Centre OW, the Enterprise OW, and the Field OW. The latter (Field OW) is the most commonly and frequently applied.
  79. ^ Carmen & Sobrado 2000, p. 51. Part III – The OW in Practice; Labra & Labra 2012, p. 3 ; de Morais, C. Santos (1987b). Botswana, a workshop on production organization. Rome, Italy: FAO FFHC –Freedom from Hunger Campaign – IDEAS & ACTION No. 175 (1987/4). pp. 8–17. OCLC 17537007.; PPT Recap: "50 years of Organisation Workshop"
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