Gymnopilus sapineus
| Gymnopilus sapineus | |
|---|---|
| |
| Gymnopilus sapineus | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | |
| Division: | |
| Class: | |
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| Genus: | |
| Species: | G. sapineus
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| Binomial name | |
| Gymnopilus sapineus | |
| Synonyms[1] | |
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Agaricus sapineus Fries (1815) | |
Gymnopilus sapineus | |
|---|---|
 | Gills on hymenium |
 | Cap is convex |
 | Hymenium is adnate |
 | Stipe has a ring |
 | Spore print is reddish-brown |
 | Ecology is saprotrophic |
 | Edibility is inedible |
Gymnopilus sapineus, commonly known as the scaly rustgill or common and boring gymnopilus[2], is a small and widely distributed mushroom which grows in dense clusters on dead conifer wood. It has a rusty orange spore print and a bitter taste. This species does not stain blue and lacks the hallucinogen psilocybin.
Taxonomy
Speciation in Gymnopilus is not clearly defined.[3] This is further complicated by the macroscopic morphological and ecological similarities between members of the G. sapineus complex such as G. penetrans and G. nevadensis. Michael Kuo explicates upon this by speaking of the arbitrary distinction made between G. sapineus and G. penetrans made by Elias Magnus Fries.[4] He at first labeled G. penetrans to merely be a form of G. sapineus in 1815, but then recanted and labeled them separate in 1821.
Description
This mushroom is often mistaken for G. luteocarneus which grows on conifers and has a smoother and darker cap. Another lookalike is G. penetrans which grows in the same habitat and has minor microscopic differences.[4]
Cap: The cap is 2–8 cm (3⁄4–3+1⁄8 in) across, is convex to flat, and is golden-yellow to brownish orange,[5] darker at the center with a dry scaly surface which is often fibrillose and may have squamules. The cap margin is inrolled at first and curves outward as it matures, becoming almost plane and sometimes developing fibrillose cracks in age.[5] The flesh is yellow[5] to orange and delicate when compared to larger and firmer members of Gymnopilus, such as G. junonius.
Gills: The gills are crowded, yellow at first, turning rusty orange as the spores mature, with adnate attachment.
Microscopic features: Gymnopilus sapineus spores are rusty orange[5] to rusty brown, elliptical, rough, and 7–10 x 4–6 μm.
Stipe: The stipe is 3–7 cm (1+1⁄8–2+3⁄4 in) long and 0.5–1 cm thick.[5] It has either an equal structure, or becomes thinner near the base. It is light yellow, bruising rusty brown. The stipe has an evanescent veil which often leaves fragments on the upper part of the stipe[5] or the margin of young caps.
Taste and odor: G. sapineus sometimes tastes bitter, and it has a mild,[5] fungoid or sweet smell.
Toxicity: The species is nonpoisonous, but considered inedible.[6]
Similar species
Similar species include G. aeruginosus, G. luteofolius, G. penetrans,[5] and G. hybridus.[7]
See also
References
- ^ "Gymopilus sapineus (Fr.) Murrill".
- ^ Arora, David (1986). Mushrooms demystified: a comprehensive guide to the fleshy fungi (Second ed.). Berkeley: Ten Speed Press. ISBN 978-0-89815-169-5.
- ^ Guzmán-Dávalos, Laura; Mueller, Gregory M.; Cifuentes, Joaquín; Miller, Andrew N.; Santerre, Anne (Nov–Dec 2003). "Traditional infrageneric classification of Gymnopilus is not supported by ribosomal DNA sequence data" (PDF). Mycologia. 95 (6): 1204–1214. doi:10.2307/3761920. JSTOR 3761920. PMID 21149021.
- ^ a b Gymnopilus sapineus at MushroomExpert
- ^ a b c d e f g h Davis, R. Michael; Sommer, Robert; Menge, John A. (2012). Field Guide to Mushrooms of Western North America. Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. 246–247. ISBN 978-0-520-95360-4. OCLC 797915861.
- ^ Miller Jr., Orson K.; Miller, Hope H. (2006). North American Mushrooms: A Field Guide to Edible and Inedible Fungi. Guilford, CN: FalconGuide. p. 296. ISBN 978-0-7627-3109-1.
- ^ Trudell, Steve; Ammirati, Joe (2009). Mushrooms of the Pacific Northwest. Timber Press Field Guides. Portland, OR: Timber Press. p. 182. ISBN 978-0-88192-935-5.
Further reading
- Hesler, L. R. (1969). North American species of Gymnopilus. New York: Hafner. p. 117.
External links
Media related to G. penetrans at Wikimedia Commons
Media related to G. sapineus at Wikimedia Commons