Pulpit of Sant' Andrea, Pistoia (Giovanni Pisano)
The pulpit in the pieve of Sant'Andrea, Pistoia, Italy is a masterpiece by the Italian sculptor Giovanni Pisano, completed in 1301. It has many similarities with the groundbreaking pulpit in the Pisa Baptistery of 1260 by Giovanni's father Nicola Pisano, which was followed by the Siena Cathedral Pulpit, which Giovanni had assisted with.
These very advanced works are often described in terms such as "proto-Renaissance", and draw on Ancient Roman sarcophagi and other influences to form a style that represents an early revival of classical sculpture, while also remaining Gothic, and drawing on sources such as French ivory carvings. However, Giovanni's style moved away from the strong classicism of his father's style to one more influenced by northern Gothic art.[1]
History
According to an inscription running between the pulpit's arcades and parapets, it was commissioned by Canon Arnoldus (Arnoldo) and supervised by the treasurers Andrea Vitelli and Tino di Vitale. Vasari says the commission was given in 1297, and the inscription records its completion in 1301. There is no false modesty: "Giovanni carved it, who performed no empty work. The son of Nicola, and blessed with higher skill, Pisa gave him birth, endowed with mastery greater than any seen before".[2]
Giovanni was approaching the age of fifty when he began the work, and had worked on his father's projects, and possibly visited France.
Description
The structure is similar to the pulpit in Pisa: a hexagonal plan with seven columns (one in the middle), two of which are supported by lions and one by a stooping figure of Atlas, while the central one rests on three winged gryphons and the remaining ones on plain bases. The organization of the parapet's reliefs is inspired by the pulpit in Siena.
The iconographic program is also inspired by Nicola's work, with "Allegories" in the pendentives of the arches, "Sibyls" and "Prophets standing on the capitals' tops, and the five parapets with the following scenes from the Life of Christ:
- "Annunciation", "Nativity" with the apocryphal detail of the midwives bathing the baby Christ and an "Annunciation to the Shepherds"
- "Dream of the Magi"
- "Massacre of the Innocents"
- "The Crucifixion"
- "Last Judgement"
The sixth parapet is missing, as its side provides access to the pulpit; the original stairway has now been removed.
Style
The scenes are as crowded and dramatic as those of the Sienese pulpit. Most notable is the scene of the "Massacre of the Innocents", for which it has been supposed that Giovanni took inspiration from German models, or even from the Trajan column in Rome. One of the Sibyls, portrayed in the sudden gesture of fleeing towards an angel, is also of particular distinction. For the first time Pisano tilted the reliefs, with the upper parts projecting further than the lower, to allow for the position of the viewer below.[3]
- Details of the pulpit
-
The eagle lectern, in the form of the Eagle of St John -
"Massacre of the Innocents" -
The Crucifixion -
The Sybil and the Angel
Notes
References
- De Vecchi, Pierluigi; Elda Cerchiari (1999). I tempi dell'arte. Vol. 1. Milan: Bompiani. ISBN 88-451-7107-8.
- Henderson, George. Gothic, 1967, Penguin, ISBN 0140208062
- Olson, Roberta J.M., Italian Renaissance Sculpture, 1992, Thames & Hudson (World of Art), ISBN 978-0-500-20253-1
- Pope-Hennessy, John, Italian Gothic Sculpture, Phaidon, 1986, ISBN 0714824151
- White, John. Art and Architecture in Italy, 1250 to 1400, London, Penguin Books, 1966, 2nd edn 1987 (now Yale History of Art series). ISBN 0140561285