Cécile Renault
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Cécile-Aimée Renault (1774–1794) was a French woman and royalist accused of trying to assassinate Maximilien Robespierre during the Reign of Terror with two tiny penknives. She was sentenced to death and guillotined on 17 June 1794 (29 prairial year II) in what is now Place de la Nation.
Assassination attempt
Born in 1774 in Paris, Renault was the daughter of a paper maker, and Robespierre's name was frequently printed upon his products and a frequent part of her early life.[1]
Renault approached the home of Robespierre on the evening of 22 May 1794, carrying a parcel, a basket, and extra clothing under her arm that hid her weapons. She was able to successfully enter Robespierre's home due to her young countenance and age, being only about 20 years old at the time. Robespierre's guards initially allowed Renault to see him but required her to wait for several hours inside the deputy's antechamber.[1]
Upon waiting for several hours and becoming impatient, Renault demanded her hosts have Robespierre meet with her immediately, arguing that "a public man ought to receive at all times those who have occasion to approach him."[1] When arrested she said she had been merely curious to see "what a tyrant looks like."[2] She also claimed to her captors that she would "rather have one king than fifty thousand." Other sources vary in, some quoting that Renault "preferred to have one king than sixty."[1]
Robespierre's guards searched Renault's clothing and basket and found the knives purposed to kill Robespierre, miscellaneous papers, and her fresh change of clothing.[3] After placing her under arrest, Robespierre and his guards correlated this assassination attempt to recent attempts during Reign of Terror. This included most notably the assassination of Jean-Paul Marat by Charlotte Corday in 1793.[1]
Renault's interrogators also suggested that her assassination plot was a retaliation effort. Her lover had recently been sentenced to death via guillotine by the Committee of Public Safety.[1]
Trial and execution
Cécile Renault was arrested for the potential murder of Robespierre on May 23, one day after the attempted assassination of Collot d'Herbois. In addition to the two penknives that she brought to attack Robespierre, Renault had also carried a change of underwear in her bag. She said the fresh linen was for her execution.[4] Renault's trial was overseen by Antoine Quentin Fouquier-Tinville, who was heckled by Renault regarding the charges. Renault mocked the council conducting her trial as well. Renault also insisted that "she never designed harm against any living being." Robespierre included Renault's father, a brother and aunt in her trial, noting them as accomplices to the assassination attempt. All three were sentenced to death.[5]
She was executed together with three family members and fifty others on 17 June; Charles-Henri Sanson left the scaffold sick.[6][7][8][9][10] It is unclear how many of them were related to her or not related at all. Two brothers, joining the Rhine army, seem to have escaped to the Black Forest.[11] Renault, her family members, and other associates who knew her but were all unknowing of the assassination plot were given red smock to wear as a mark of assassins and murderers.[12] Her admittance to being a Royalist supporter is considered to support the existence of her hidden knives.[3]
Renault was said to have shown distress only briefly during her climb to the scaffold. She then smiled, and approached the scaffold gleefully when her turn at the guillotine arrived.[3] The execution of Cecile Renault and with 53 so-called accomplices, under whom three family members, was seen by the Committee of Public Safety as a Royalist conspiracy.[3][13] Robespierre used this assassination attempt against him as a pretext for scapegoating the British.[14]
References
- ^ a b c d e f de Lamartine, Alphonse (1848). Heroic Women of the French Revolution. London: H.G Clark and Company. p. 138.
- ^ "Citizens", Simon Schama, p. 707.
- ^ a b c d Thiers, Marie Joseph L. Adolphe (1838). The history of the French Revolution, tr. with notes by F. Shoberl. Oxford University.
- ^ A Peoples' History 1793 – 1844 from the newspapers. The Bombay Courier, Sat 18 October 1794
- ^ Death Comes to the Maiden: Sex and Execution 1431-1933 by Camille Naish, p. 178
- ^ Sanson, Henri (12 March 1876). "Memoirs of the Sansons: From Private Notes and Documents (1688–1847)". Chatto and Windus – via Google Books.
- ^ Naish, Camille (2013). Death Comes to the Maiden: Sex and Execution 1431–1933. Routledge. ISBN 978-1136247620 – via Google Books.
- ^ "The Edinburgh Review". A. and C. Black. 12 March 1809 – via Google Books.
- ^ Marie Joseph L. Adolphe. The history of the French Revolution, p. 397 Oxford University, 1838
- ^ The Edinburgh Review, Band 14, p. 242
- ^ Ein Dolch, oder Robespierre und seine Zeit
- ^ MacFarlane, Charles (1843). The Pictorial History of England. London: Charles Knight and co., 22, Ludgate Street. p. 429.
- ^ Memoirs of the Sansons: From Private Notes and Documents, p. 172-175
- ^ Macdonald, Simon; Jones, Colin (25 September 2018). "Robespierre, the Duke of York, and Pisistratus During the French Revolutionary Terror". The Historical Journal. 61 (3): 643–672. doi:10.1017/S0018246X17000267.