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Artemis (protein)

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DCLRE1C
Available structures
PDBOrtholog search: PDBe RCSB
Identifiers
AliasesDCLRE1C, A-SCID, DCLREC1C, RS-SCID, SCIDA, SNM1C, DNA cross-link repair 1C
External IDsOMIM: 605988; MGI: 2441769; HomoloGene: 32547; GeneCards: DCLRE1C; OMA:DCLRE1C - orthologs
Orthologs
SpeciesHumanMouse
Entrez

64421

227525

Ensembl

ENSG00000152457

ENSMUSG00000026648

UniProt

Q96SD1

Q8K4J0

RefSeq (mRNA)
RefSeq (protein)
Location (UCSC)Chr 10: 14.9 – 14.95 MbChr 2: 3.43 – 3.47 Mb
PubMed search[3][4]
Wikidata
View/Edit HumanView/Edit Mouse

Artemis is a protein that in humans is encoded by the DCLRE1C (DNA cross-link repair 1C) gene.[5][6]

Function

Artemis is a nuclear protein that is involved in V(D)J recombination and DNA repair. The protein has endonuclease activity on 5' and 3' overhangs and hairpins when complexed with PRKDC.[7]

Immune response

Artemis plays an essential role in V(D)J recombination, the process by which B cell antibody genes and T cell receptor genes are assembled from individual V (variable), D (diversity), and J (joining) segments.[8] For example, in joining a V segment to a D segment, the RAG (recombination activating gene) nuclease cuts both DNA strands adjacent to a V segment and adjacent to a D segment. The intervening DNA between the V and D segments is ligated to form a circular DNA molecule that is lost from the chromosome. At each of the two remaining ends, called the coding ends, the two strands of DNA are joined to form a hairpin structure. Artemis nuclease, in a complex with the DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA‑PK), binds to these DNA ends and makes a single cut near the tip of the hairpin. The exposed 3' termini are subject to deletion and addition of nucleotides by a variety of exonucleases and DNA polymerases, before the V and D segments are ligated to restore the integrity of the chromosome. The exact site of cleavage of the hairpin by Artemis is variable, and this variability, combined with random nucleotide deletion and addition, confers extreme diversity upon the resulting antibody and T-cell receptor genes, thus allowing the immune system to mount an immune response to virtually any foreign antigen.[9] In Artemis-deficient individuals, V(D)J recombination is blocked because the hairpin ends cannot be opened, and so no mature B or T cells are produced, a condition known as severe combined immune deficiency (SCID). Artemis was first identified as the gene defective in a subset of SCID patients that were unusually sensitive to radiation.

Repair of DNA breaks

Cells deficient in Artemis are more sensitive than normal cells to X‑rays[5] and to chemical agents that induce double-strand breaks (DSBs),[10] and they show a higher incidence of chromosome breaks following irradiation.[11] Direct measurement of DSBs by pulsed-field electrophoresis indicates that in Artemis-deficient cells 75-90% of DSBs are repaired rapidly, just as in normal cells. However, the remaining 10-20% of DSBs that are repaired more slowly (2-24 hr) in normal cells, are not repaired at all in Artemis-deficient cells.[12] Repair of these presumably difficult-to-rejoin breaks also requires several other proteins, including the Mre11/Rad50/NBS1 complex, the ataxia telangiectasia mutated ATM kinase, and 53BP1. Because Artemis can remove damaged ends from DNA,[10] it has been proposed that these DSBs are those whose damaged ends require trimming by Artemis. However, evidence that both ATM and Artemis are specifically required for repair of DSBs in heterochromatin,[13][14] has called this interpretation into question.

Artemis functions in the repair of DNA double-strand breaks that arise by induced oxidative reactions, or by endogenous reactions.[15] Such DNA repair occurs in heterochromatin as well as in euchromatin.

Clinical significance

Mutations in this gene cause Athabascan-type severe combined immunodeficiency (SCIDA).[16]

Interactions

DCLRE1C has been shown to interact with DNA-PKcs.[17]

References

  1. ^ a b c GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000152457 – Ensembl, May 2017
  2. ^ a b c GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000026648 – Ensembl, May 2017
  3. ^ "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
  4. ^ "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
  5. ^ a b Moshous D, Callebaut I, de Chasseval R, Corneo B, Cavazzana-Calvo M, Le Deist F, Tezcan I, Sanal O, Bertrand Y, Philippe N, Fischer A, de Villartay JP (May 2001). "Artemis, a novel DNA double-strand break repair/V(D)J recombination protein, is mutated in human severe combined immune deficiency". Cell. 105 (2): 177–86. doi:10.1016/S0092-8674(01)00309-9. hdl:11655/13789. PMID 11336668. S2CID 12610896.
  6. ^ Li L, Drayna D, Hu D, Hayward A, Gahagan S, Pabst H, Cowan MJ (Mar 1998). "The gene for severe combined immunodeficiency disease in Athabascan-speaking Native Americans is located on chromosome 10p". Am. J. Hum. Genet. 62 (1): 136–44. doi:10.1086/301688. PMC 1376812. PMID 9443881.
  7. ^ "Protein Knowledgebase: Gene DCLRE1C - DNA cross-link repair 1C protein (Protein artemis)". Retrieved June 2, 2011.
  8. ^ de Villartay JP (2009). V(D)J recombination deficiencies. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology. Vol. 650. pp. 46–58. doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-0296-2_4. ISBN 978-1-4419-0295-5. PMID 19731800.
  9. ^ Lu H, Schwarz K, Lieber MR (2007). "Extent to which hairpin opening by the Artemis:DNA-PKcs complex can contribute to junctional diversity in V(D)J recombination". Nucleic Acids Res. 35 (20): 6917–23. doi:10.1093/nar/gkm823. PMC 2175297. PMID 17932067.
  10. ^ a b Povirk LF, Zhou T, Zhou R, Cowan MJ, Yannone SM (February 2007). "Processing of 3'-phosphoglycolate-terminated DNA double strand breaks by Artemis nuclease". J. Biol. Chem. 282 (6): 3547–58. doi:10.1074/jbc.M607745200. PMID 17121861.
  11. ^ Deckbar D, Birraux J, Krempler A, Tchouandong L, Beucher A, Walker S, Stiff T, Jeggo P, Löbrich M (March 2007). "Chromosome breakage after G2 checkpoint release" (PDF). J. Cell Biol. 176 (6): 749–55. doi:10.1083/jcb.200612047. PMC 2064048. PMID 17353355.
  12. ^ Riballo E, Kühne M, Rief N, Doherty A, Smith GC, Recio MJ, Reis C, Dahm K, Fricke A, Krempler A, Parker AR, Jackson SP, Gennery A, Jeggo PA, Löbrich M (December 2004). "A pathway of double-strand break rejoining dependent upon ATM, Artemis, and proteins locating to gamma-H2AX foci". Mol. Cell. 16 (5): 715–24. doi:10.1016/j.molcel.2004.10.029. PMID 15574327.
  13. ^ Goodarzi AA, Noon AT, Deckbar D, Ziv Y, Shiloh Y, Löbrich M, Jeggo PA (July 2008). "ATM signaling facilitates repair of DNA double-strand breaks associated with heterochromatin". Mol. Cell. 31 (2): 167–77. doi:10.1016/j.molcel.2008.05.017. PMID 18657500.
  14. ^ Beucher A, Birraux J, Tchouandong L, Barton O, Shibata A, Conrad S, Goodarzi AA, Krempler A, Jeggo PA, Löbrich M (November 2009). "ATM and Artemis promote homologous recombination of radiation-induced DNA double-strand breaks in G2". EMBO J. 28 (21): 3413–27. doi:10.1038/emboj.2009.276. PMC 2752027. PMID 19779458.
  15. ^ Woodbine L, Brunton H, Goodarzi AA, Shibata A, Jeggo PA (2011). "Endogenously induced DNA double strand breaks arise in heterochromatic DNA regions and require ataxia telangiectasia mutated and Artemis for their repair". Nucleic Acids Res. 39 (16): 6986–97. doi:10.1093/nar/gkr331. PMC 3167608. PMID 21596788.
  16. ^ "Entrez Gene: DCLRE1C DNA cross-link repair 1C (PSO2 homolog, S. cerevisiae)".
  17. ^ Ma Y, Pannicke U, Schwarz K, Lieber MR (March 2002). "Hairpin opening and overhang processing by an Artemis/DNA-dependent protein kinase complex in nonhomologous end joining and V(D)J recombination". Cell. 108 (6): 781–94. doi:10.1016/S0092-8674(02)00671-2. PMID 11955432. S2CID 7575525.

Further reading

  • Overview of all the structural information available in the PDB for UniProt: Q96SD1 (Protein artemis) at the PDBe-KB.
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