Helvella corium
| Helvella corium | |
|---|---|
| |
Scientific classification 
| |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Fungi |
| Division: | Ascomycota |
| Class: | Pezizomycetes |
| Order: | Pezizales |
| Family: | Helvellaceae |
| Genus: | Helvella |
| Species: | H. corium
|
| Binomial name | |
| Helvella corium | |
| Synonyms | |
Helvella corium | |
|---|---|
 | Smooth hymenium |
 | Cap is infundibuliform |
 | Hymenium attachment is not applicable |
 | Stipe is bare |
 | Ecology is mycorrhizal |
 | Edibility is unknown |
Helvella corium is a species of fungus in the family Helvellaceae of the order Pezizales. This inedible cup-shaped fungus is black, and grows on the ground often near willows in deciduous or mixed forests.
Description
The black fruit body (technically called an apothecium) is cup-shaped, covered with either scales or small silk-like surface fibrils (fibrillose), and up to 5 centimetres (2 inches) in diameter. The upper margin of the fruit body cup may be rounded with scalloped or lobed edges (crenate). The short, slender stipe (typically 0.6 to 1.8 cm (1⁄4 to 3⁄4 in) tall)[1] is black on the upper part, but gray at the base; it is cylindrical and tapering (terete) with rounded ribs at its base.[2] The odor and taste are not distinctive.[1]
The spores are ellipsoid in shape, and measure 17–21 by 10–12 µm. They are hyaline (translucent), and contain a single central oil drop (guttulate).[2] The spore-bearing cells, the asci, are 225–250 by 12–17 µm.[3]
Similar species
Plectania nannfeldtii is a similar-looking fungus with a black-colored stalked cup, but this species has a longer stipe, up to 5 centimetres (2.0 in); microscopically, it has larger spores (typically 23–28 by 11–14 µm).[4]
Distribution and habitat
Helvella corium has been collected from Asia,[5] Europe,[6] and North America.[3][7] It is uncommon despite the scope of its distribution.[3] Fruit bodies grow solitary, scattered, or clustered in groups. It is often found in association with the trees Populus tremuloides or Thuja plicata, or with shrubs from genus Salix (such as Salix herbacea and Salix glauca), Shepherdia canadensis or shrubs from the genus Dryas.[3] Jordan notes a preference for growing on sandy soils or in dunes.[1]
This mushroom appears to have a high tolerance for otherwise inhospitable growing conditions, as it has been found growing on caustic spoil mounds (the end-product of many mining and manufacturing operations) of a alkali factory in Kraków, Poland,[8] as well as on abandoned uranium tailings in Ontario, Canada.[9]
Potential toxicity
The edibility of the species is unknown, and its consumption is not recommended as similar species in the family Helvellaceae contain the toxin gyromitrin.[citation needed]
References
- ^ a b c Jordan M. (2004). The Encyclopedia of Fungi of Britain and Europe. London, UK: Frances Lincoln. p. 52. ISBN 0-7112-2379-3.
- ^ a b Tylutki EE. (1979). Mushrooms of Idaho and the Pacific Northwest. Moscow, Idaho: University Press of Idaho. p. 64. ISBN 0-89301-062-6.
- ^ a b c d Abbott SP, Currah RS (1997). "The Helvellaceae: Systematic revision and occurrence in northern and northwestern North America". Mycotaxon. 62: 1–125.
- ^ Evenson VS. (1997). Mushrooms of Colorado and the Southern Rocky Mountains. Englewood, Colorado: Westcliffe Publishers. p. 51. ISBN 1-56579-192-4.
- ^ Liu B, Du F, Cao J (1985). "New species and new combination of the genus Helvella". Acta Mycologia Sinica (in Chinese). 4: 208–17.
- ^ Dissing H. (1966). "The genus Helvella in Europe with special emphasis on the species found in Norden". Dansk Botanisk Arkiv. 25: 1–172.
- ^ Dissing, H.; Lange, M. (1967). "Notes on the genus Helvella in North America". Mycologia. 59 (2): 349–60. doi:10.2307/3756809. JSTOR 3756809.
- ^ Turnau K, Kropieniewicz B, Pawlowska T (1991). "Ascomycetes on spoil mounds of the Cracow Soda Factory". Zeszyty Naukowe Uniwersytetu Jagiellonskiego Prace Botaniczne (in Polish). 22: 145–54.
- ^ Kalin M, Stokes PM (1980). "Macrofungi on uranium mill tailings — associations and metal content". The Science of the Total Environment. 19 (1): 83–94. doi:10.1016/0048-9697(81)90120-0.