Ciconiae Nixae
The Ciconiae Nixae was a landmark, or more likely two separate landmarks, in the Campus Martius of ancient Rome. In A New Topographical Dictionary of Ancient Rome, Lawrence Richardson regards a single site called Ciconiae Nixae as "hypothetical," noting that the subject "has long exercised topographers."[1] The two words are juxtaposed in the regionary lists and located in Region IX near the Tiber River.[2] The 4th-century calendar of Filocalus notes vaguely that the October Horse happened[3] ad nixas, "at the Nixae," suggesting that the regionaries' Ciconiae ("Storks") ought to be taken as a separate entry. Inscriptional evidence also indicates that the Ciconiae was a separate landmark, and that it had to do with wine shipments brought in on the Tiber.
The Storks
While Ciconiae means "storks," its supposed connection here to nixae, the past participle of nitor, "support" or "strive," is less clear. Richardson's predecessor Samuel Ball Platner maintained the integrity of the phrase and conjectured that the Ciconiae Nixae was "a certain district of the city, probably an open square, in which there was a statue, or perhaps a relief on one of the surrounding buildings, of two or more storks with crossed bills."[4] William Warde Fowler gathered that the Ciconiae were "three storks carved in stone with bills crossing each other," and that the landmark had not existed during the Republican era.[5]
Earlier scholars hypothesized about the form of the Ciconiae based on comparative imagery. The iconography of three storks is also known from Greece and Gaul, though the birds in the latter case are three cranes (trigaranos; see also geranos, the "crane dance" of Theseus). It can be difficult to distinguish between storks and cranes in depictions, and ancient literature frequently confuses or conflates the two birds.[6] At Byzantium, three stone storks, positioned to face or intersect with each other, formed one of the protective talismans of the city. Hesychius says[7] that Apollonius of Tyana installed them to scare off real storks, blamed for poisoning the water supply by dropping venomous snakes into the cisterns. The perceived power of a three-storks image is indicated by Hesychius's claim that the Byzantine device was effective even up to his own time.[8]
The Latin word grus, like the English word "crane," can refer to either the bird or a machine. The word ciconia similarly can mean both "stork" and a type of machine, hence leading to the conjecture that the landmark was a derrick or crane for moving wine shipments from the Tiber for land transport; however, this usage appears to be found only in the dialect of Roman Spain, and means "shadoof," an irrigation apparatus. Regardless of why the location was known as the Ciconiae — a representation of storks remains as good a guess as any — an inscription twice mentions that taxes were paid there pertaining to shipments of wine.[9]
Since the stork was a symbol of pietas, it has also been conjectured that the Ciconiae were associated with an altar to Pietas that the emperor Hadrian had dedicated when his wife Sabina was made divine.[10]
The Nixae
The annual sacrifice of the October Horse was held ad Nixas, within the Tarentum in the general area of the Campus Martius. The site is most likely an altar to the birth deities known as the Nixae or di nixi.[11]
References
- ^ Lawrence Richardson, A New Topographical Dictionary of Ancient Rome (Johns Hopkins University Press, 1992), pp. 82–83 online. See also Marcel Le Glay, "Remarques sur la notion de Salus dans la religion romaine," La soteriologia dei culti orientali nell' imperio romano: Études préliminaires au religions orientales dans l'empire romain, Colloquio internazionale Roma, 1979 (Brill, 1982), p. 442 online.
- ^ CIL 6.1785 = 31931, as cited by Robert E.A. Palmer, Roman Religion and Roman Empire: Five Essays (University of Pennsylvania Press, 1974), p. 265; "Silvanus, Sylvester, and the Chair of St. Peter," Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 122 (1978), p. 240; and Studies of the Northern Campus Martius in Ancient Rome (American Philosophical Society, 1990), pp. 52–
- ^ The October Horse ritual involved a chariot race and the sacrifice of the righthand horse from the winning team; the lack of specificity in the calendar of Filocalus makes it unclear whether the race was held at the site or the sacrifice conducted there; possibly both, as Palmer notes, Studies on the Northern Campus Martius, p. 34.
- ^ Samuel Ball Platner, "The Ara Martis," Classical Philology 3 (1908), p. 70 online.
- ^ William Warde Fowler, The Roman Festivals of the Period of the Republic (London, 1908), p. 242 online, citing L. Preller, Die Regionen der Stadt Rom (see following).
- ^ John Greppin, "Crane," Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture (Taylor & Francis, 1997), p. 140 online.
- ^ Hesychius, Origines Constantinopolitanae 25 (23), in Theodor Preger, Scriptores Originum Constantinopolitanarum I (Leipzig, 1901), p. 11, as cited by C. Bennett Pascal, "October Horse," Harvard Studies in Classical Philology 85 (1981), pp. 287–286, note 109.
- ^ L. Preller, Die Regionen der Stadt Rom (Jena, 1846), p. 174 online. Pascal, "October Horse," pp. 285–286 online, is also inclined to connect the Ciconiae Nixae to Hesychius's storks.
- ^ Palmer, Studies in the Northern Campus Martius, pp. 53–55.
- ^ Palmer, Studies in the Northern Campus Martius, p. 55.
- ^ Fowler, Roman Festivals, p. 242; Palmer, Studies in the Northern Campus Martius, pp. 33–35, 57. Peter F. Dorcey, The Cult of Silvanus: A Study in Roman Folk Religion (Brill, 1992), finds Palmer's connection of the Nixae to Silvanus unconvincing (p. 39 online).