1989 Dyfed County Council election
The fifth election to Dyfed County Council was held in May 1989.[1] It was preceded by the 1985 election and followed by the 1993 election. There were extensive boundary changes at this election.
Overview
The Independents remained the largest party with Labour the nearest challenger.
Ward Results (Cardiganshire)
Aberporth
Minor boundary changes. This ward was largely based on the previous Teifiside No.3 Ward. Dewi Lewis, who previously represented Cardigan, chose to contest Aberporth on this occasion after the siting Liberal member retired.
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Independent | Alban Dewi Lewis* | 872 | 49.7 | ||
Plaid Cymru | Islwyn Iago | 702 | 40.0 | ||
Green | Marilyn A. Wakefield | 179 | 10.2 | ||
Majority | 9.7 | ||||
Turnout | 45.1 | ||||
Independent gain from Liberal | Swing |
Aberteifi
The previous Cardigan ward was renamed Aberteifi. The siting member, Dewi Lewis, chose to contest Aberporth instead.
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Independent | Sandra Williams | 1,119 | 58.7 | ||
Independent | Hywel Gwynfi Jenkins | 787 | 41.3 | ||
Majority | 17.4 | ||||
Turnout | 56.5 | ||||
Independent hold | Swing |
Aberystwyth North
Boundary Change
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Plaid Cymru | Hywel Griffiths Evans* | 977 | 53.5 | ||
SLD | Ceredig Jones* | 344 | 18.8 | ||
Labour | N. Pritchard | 265 | 14.5 | ||
Green | C.G.B. Simpson | 240 | 13.1 | ||
Majority | 34.7 | ||||
Turnout | 47.6 | ||||
Plaid Cymru win (new seat) |
Aberystwyth South
Boundary Change
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Labour | Griffith Eric Hughes* | 1,393 | 55.0 | ||
SLD | Eric John Griffiths | 1,140 | 45.0 | ||
Majority | 10.0 | ||||
Turnout | 56.9 | ||||
Labour win (new seat) |
Beulah
The ward was previously known as Teifiside No.2
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Independent | John Emrys Jones | 911 | 70.2 | ||
Independent | K. Symmons | 386 | 29.8 | ||
Majority | 40.5 | ||||
Turnout | 44.7 | ||||
Independent hold | Swing |
Borth
The ward was previously known as Aberystwyth Rural No. 2
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Independent | Richard Wynn Cowell* | 840 | 59.3 | +13.6 | |
Labour | Peter James Goodman | 576 | 40.7 | +14.2 | |
Majority | 18.6 | +0.8 | |||
Turnout | 35.4 | ||||
Independent hold | Swing |
Lampeter
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Labour | Robert George Harris* | 1,578 | 83.3 | ||
Plaid Cymru | Ashley Drake | 317 | 16.7 | ||
Majority | 66.5 | ||||
Turnout | 52.3 | ||||
Labour hold | Swing |
Llanbadarn Fawr
The ward was previously known as Aberystwyth Rural No. 3
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Plaid Cymru | Griffith Gwynfor Jones* | 1,538 | 69.2 | +25.4 | |
Labour | C. Rodgers | 683 | 30.8 | +15.0 | |
Majority | 38.5 | ||||
Turnout | 42.8 | ||||
Plaid Cymru hold | Swing |
Llandysiliogogo
The ward was previously known as Aberaeron No. 3
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Plaid Cymru | John Rheinallt Evans* | unopposed | |||
Plaid Cymru hold | Swing |
Llandyfriog
The ward was previously known as Teifiside No.1
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Independent | D.G.E. Davies* | Unopposed | |||
Independent hold |
Llanfihangel Ystrad
The ward was previously known as Aberaeon No.2
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
SLD | W.A. Jones* | Unopposed | |||
SLD hold |
Llansantffraid
The ward was previously known as Aberaeon No.1. Jack Rees, the sitting Independent member, contested the seat for Plaid Cymru but was defeated by the previous member, Evan Williams, reversing the result four years previously.
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
SLD | Evan Evans Williams | 1,220 | 51.8 | +7.7 | |
Plaid Cymru | John Austen Rees* | 1,134 | 48.2 | +48.2 | |
Majority | 3.7 | ||||
Turnout | 57.1 | ||||
SLD gain from Independent | Swing |
Lledrod
The ward was previously known as Tregaron.
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Independent | William Gethin Bennett | Unopposed | |||
Independent hold |
Ystwyth
The ward was previously known as Aberystwyth Rural No. 1
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
SLD | John David Rowland Jones | 1,187 | 65.6 | +0.5 | |
Plaid Cymru | Alun Lloyd Jones | 622 | 34.4 | +34.3 | |
Majority | 31.2 | ||||
Turnout | 51.7 | ||||
SLD hold | Swing |
Ward Results (Carmarthenshire)
Abergwili
The ward was previously known as Carmarthen Rural No. 6.
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Independent | J.L. James* | Unopposed | |||
Independent hold |
Ammanford
Boundary Change.
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Labour | Myrddin Evans* | 1,032 | 33.1 | ||
Plaid Cymru | M. James | 865 | 27.8 | ||
Independent Labour | David Howard Cooke* | 775 | 24.9 | ||
Independent | D. Thomas | 444 | 14.2 | ||
Majority | 5.4 | ||||
Turnout | 57.3 | ||||
Labour win (new seat) |
Boundary Change.
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Labour | Martin Philip Morris* | Unopposed | |||
Labour win (new seat) |
Burry Port
Boundary Change.
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Labour | Bryan Joseph Rayner* | 893 | 67.4 | ||
Plaid Cymru | Raymond L. Hall | 432 | 32.6 | ||
Majority | 34.8 | ||||
Turnout | 37.8 | ||||
Labour win (new seat) |
Carmarthen Town North
The ward was previously known as Carmarthen No. 1
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Labour | Kenneth Bryan Maynard* | 1,269 | 77.1 | +24.8 | |
Plaid Cymru | Helen Llewelyn | 377 | 22.9 | +22.9 | |
Majority | 54.2 | +49.6 | |||
Turnout | 40.7 | ||||
Labour hold | Swing |
Carmarthen Town South
Boundary Change.
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
SLD | Richard John Goodridge | 898 | 43.2 | ||
Independent | W.G. Tucker | 799 | 38.5 | ||
Plaid Cymru | Geraint Thomas | 381 | 18.3 | ||
Majority | 4.8 | ||||
Turnout | 44.3 | ||||
SLD win (new seat) |
Carmarthen Town West
The ward was previously known as Carmarthen No. 3
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Labour | Kenneth Wigley Lloyd | 606 | 43.2 | −3.7 | |
Independent | Helen Margaret Thomas | 539 | 37.5 | ||
Plaid Cymru | Mary Kathleen Davies | 291 | 20.3 | +20.3 | |
Majority | 4.7 | ||||
Turnout | 46.8 | ||||
Labour gain from Independent | Swing |
Elli
Boundary Change.
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Labour | Stephen Charles James | Unopposed | |||
Labour win (new seat) |
Felinfoel
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Labour | Arthur Cledwyn Francis* | Unopposed | |||
Labour hold |
Glanamman
The ward was previously known as Cwmamman.
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Independent Labour | W.J. Davies* | 857 | 45.2 | +3.2 | |
Labour | S. Williams | 593 | 34.0 | +3.4 | |
Plaid Cymru | John Edwin Lewis | 314 | 18.0 | −9.4 | |
Green | M. Burgess | 48 | 2.8 | +2.8 | |
Majority | 11.1 | ||||
Turnout | |||||
Independent Labour hold | Swing |
Glanymor
Boundary Change.
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Labour | Gerald Frederick Meyler* | Unopposed | |||
Labour win (new seat) |
Gorslas
The ward was previously known as Carmarthen Rural No. 1
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ratepayer | William J. Wyn Evans* | unopposed | |||
Ratepayer hold | Swing |
Hengoed
Hugh Peregrine, who previously represented Pembrey, was returned unopposed for the Hengoed ward after the sitting Independent member stood down.
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Labour | Hugh Samuel Peregrine* | Unopposed | |||
Labour gain from Independent |
Kidwelly
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Labour | Hywel Glyndwr Rees* | Unopposed | |||
Labour hold |
Llandovery
The ward was previously known as Llandeilo No. 1
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Independent | W.D.R. Davies* | 1,171 | 75.6 | ||
Green | R. Bowden | 377 | 24.4 | +24.4 | |
Majority | 51.3 | ||||
Turnout | 43.5 | ||||
Independent hold | Swing |
Llandybie
The ward was previously known as Llandeilo No. 5
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Independent | Gerald J. Earl* | 1,650 | 82.5 | +31.7 | |
Independent | P.A. Langford | 347 | 17.5 | ||
Majority | 65.1 | ||||
Turnout | 52.7 | ||||
Independent hold | Swing |
Llanedi
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Independent | D. Davies | 1,140 | 60.6 | ||
Labour | L. Jenkins | 740 | 39.4 | ||
Majority | 21.3 | ||||
Turnout | 48.4 | ||||
Independent gain from Labour | Swing |
Llanegwad
The ward was previously known as Llandeilo No. 2
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Independent | D.T. Davies* | 1,688 | 88.4 | ||
Green | G.E. Oubridge | 222 | 11.6 | ||
Majority | 76.8 | ||||
Turnout | 48.0 | ||||
Independent hold | Swing |
Llanfihangel ar Arth
The ward was previously known as Newcastle Emlyn No. 2.
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Independent | William Evans* | 1,884 | 68.8 | −1.7 | |
Plaid Cymru | M.E. Thomason | 854 | 31.2 | +31.2 | |
Majority | 37.6 | ||||
Turnout | 60.5 | ||||
Independent hold | Swing |
Llangadog
The ward was previously known as Llandeilo No. 6
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Independent | Gwyn Jones | 781 | 34.3 | +8.6 | |
SLD | W.R. Price* | 777 | 34.1 | +6.1 | |
Independent | D. Thomas | 545 | 23.9 | ||
Green | Tim Shaw | 177 | 7.8 | +7.8 | |
Majority | 4 | 0.2 | |||
Turnout | 57.1 | ||||
Independent gain from SLD | Swing |
Llangeler
The ward was previously known as Newcastle Emlyn No. 1
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Independent | Thomas Wilfred Davies | 1,509 | 62.8 | ||
Independent | D.J. Jones | 455 | 19.0 | ||
Independent | William Michael Davies* | 437 | 18.2 | −36.6 | |
Majority | 43.9 | ||||
Turnout | 60.3 | ||||
Independent hold | Swing |
Llangennech
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Labour | Thomas Gordon Lewis | Unopposed | |||
Labour gain from Plaid Cymru |
Llangyndeyrn
Boundary Change.
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Labour | Philip Ian Evans* | 1,283 | 66.7 | ||
Plaid Cymru | Handel Michael Ayres Williams | 641 | 33.3 | ||
Majority | 33.4 | ||||
Turnout | 43.8 | ||||
Labour hold | Swing |
Llan-non
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Labour | George Malcolm Davies* | Unopposed | |||
Labour hold |
Llansteffan
The ward was previously known as Carmarthen Rural No. 4.
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Independent | J. Arthur J. Harries* | Unopposed | |||
Independent hold |
Lliedi
Boundary Change.
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Labour | Grenville Darby | 856 | 65.4 | ||
SLD | Jonathan E. Burree | 452 | 34.6 | ||
Majority | 30.9 | ||||
Turnout | 29.8 | ||||
Labour win (new seat) |
Llwynhendy
Boundary Change.
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Labour | Eunydd Ashley Brynmor Thomas* | Unopposed | |||
Labour win (new seat) |
Pembrey
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Labour | Kenneth Vaughan Owens | 979 | 61.1 | ||
Plaid Cymru | H.M. Tierney | 622 | 38.9 | ||
Majority | 22.3 | ||||
Turnout | 32.2 | ||||
Labour hold | Swing |
Pontyberem
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Labour | Howard Jones* | Unopposed | |||
Labour hold |
Quarter Bach
The ward was previously known as Llandeilo No. 3
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Labour | R. Maddock | Unopposed | |||
Labour hold |
Saron
The ward was previously known as Llandeilo No. 4
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Labour | Ken Williams* | 1,177 | 61.3 | ||
Plaid Cymru | John Gareth James | 742 | 38.7 | ||
Majority | 22.7 | ||||
Turnout | 46.3 | ||||
Labour hold | Swing |
St Clears
The ward was previously known as Carmarthen Rural No. 5
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Independent | 'Dr William Edmund V.J. Davies*' | Unopposed | |||
Independent hold |
Tyisha
Boundary Change.
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Labour | Grismond J. Williams* | Unopposed | |||
Labour win (new seat) |
Whitland
The ward was previously known as Carmarthen Rural No. 7. Plaid Cymru won the seat unopposed after the sitting independent member stood down.
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Plaid Cymru | Daniel James Roy Llewellyn | Unopposed | |||
Plaid Cymru gain from Independent |
Ward Results (Pembrokeshire)
Camrose
Boundary change
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Independent | Dewi Llewellyn James | 588 | 51.9 | ||
Independent | Alwyn Cadwallader Luke | 546 | 48.1 | ||
Majority | 3.7 | ||||
Turnout | 35.2 | ||||
Independent win (new seat) |
Crymych
The ward was previously known as Cemaes No. 2.
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Independent | T.R. George* | Unopposed | |||
Independent hold |
East Williamston
Minor boundary change. The ward was previously known as Pembroke Rural No. 2.
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Independent | W.R. Douglas | 1,171 | 63.5 | ||
Independent | Norman Richard Parry* | 673 | 36.5 | −18.0 | |
Majority | 27.0 | ||||
Turnout | 39.7 | ||||
Independent hold | Swing |
Fishguard
Boundary change.
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Independent | William Lloyd Evans* | Unopposed | |||
Independent win (new seat) |
Hakin
The ward was previously known as Milford Haven No. 2
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Independent | Eric Ronald Harries | 1,003 | 49.7 | ||
Independent | Arthur George Edwards | 442 | 21.9 | ||
Labour | Alun Emanuel Byrne | 421 | 20.9 | −26.8 | |
Plaid Cymru | A. Venables | 151 | 7.5 | +7.5 | |
Majority | 27.8 | ||||
Turnout | 52.6 | +7.6 | |||
Independent hold | Swing |
Llangwm
Boundary change.
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Independent | William Henry Hitchings* | 1,149 | 60.1 | ||
Independent | H.W. Phillips* | 624 | 32.6 | ||
Independent | G.R. Stone | 139 | 7.3 | ||
Majority | 27.5 | ||||
Turnout | 46.8 | ||||
Independent win (new seat) |
Milford Central and East
The ward was previously known as Milford Haven No. 1.
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
SLD | G. Sizer* | 577 | 47.6 | +12.2 | |
Labour | P. Greenfield-Long | 397 | 32.7 | ||
Independent | Irwin Edwards | 239 | 19.7 | ||
Majority | 14.8 | ||||
Turnout | 34.8 | −15.8 | |||
SLD hold | Swing |
Milford North and West
The ward was previously known as Milford Haven No. 3.
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Independent | Edward George Setterfield | 742 | 62.7 | ||
Labour | David John Adams* | 441 | 37.3 | −11.3 | |
Majority | 25.4 | ||||
Turnout | 37.6 | −3.9 | |||
Independent gain from Labour | Swing |
Narberth
The ward was previously known as Narberth No. 2.
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Labour | Joan Asby* | 1,109 | 50.4 | −6.3 | |
Conservative | Alan Walter Edwards | 1,090 | 49.6 | ||
Majority | 0.9 | ||||
Turnout | 51.5 | +6.1 | |||
Labour hold | Swing |
Neyland
The ward was previously known as Neyland and Llanstadwell.
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Labour | W.G.H. James* | Unopposed | |||
Labour hold |
Pembroke St Mary
The ward was previously known as Pembroke No. 1.
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Labour | F.H. Levesley* | Unopposed | |||
Labour hold |
Pembroke St Michael
The ward was previously known as Pembroke Rural No. 1.
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Independent | Rev G.R. Ball* | 738 | 52.5 | ||
SLD | A. Hovey | 667 | 47.5 | ||
Majority | 5.1 | ||||
Turnout | 36.9 | ||||
Independent hold | Swing |
Pembroke Dock Llanion
The ward was previously known as Pembroke No. 2
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Labour | I.E. Morgan* | 719 | 51.5 | −17.9 | |
Independent | D. Jones | 456 | 32.7 | ||
Independent | Dilys Tice | 221 | 15.8 | ||
Majority | 18.8 | −20.0 | |||
Turnout | 38.2 | +3.1 | |||
Labour hold | Swing |
Pembroke Dock Pennar
The ward was previously known as Pembroke No. 3
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Labour | Nicholas Richard Ainger* | 899 | 65.8 | ||
SLD | J.S. Fenwick | 467 | 34.2 | ||
Majority | 31.6 | ||||
Turnout | 41.0 | ||||
Labour hold | Swing |
Portfield
The ward was previously known as Haverfordwest No.1.
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Independent | T.G. Parry* | 732 | 52.2 | ||
Independent | Donald Richard Twigg | 671 | 47.8 | ||
Majority | 4.3 | ||||
Turnout | 40.8 | ||||
Independent hold | Swing |
Priory
The ward was previously known as Haverfordwest No. 2
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Independent | Haydn Eric Davies | 1,424 | 68.8 | ||
Independent | D.S. Grey* | 645 | 31.2 | ||
Majority | 37.7 | ||||
Turnout | 45.5 | +14.4 | |||
Independent hold | Swing |
Rudbaxton
The ward was previously known as Cemaes No. 3.
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Independent | David John Thomas* | 1,285 | 80.4 | ||
Independent | John William James Roberts | 314 | 19.6 | ||
Majority | 60.7 | ||||
Turnout | 39.5 | ||||
Independent hold | Swing |
St David's
The ward was previously known as Haverfordwest Rural No. 1
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Independent | John Gordon Cawood | 1,615 | 93.1 | ||
Independent | W.W. Bartlett | 119 | 6.9 | ||
Majority | 86.3 | ||||
Turnout | 45.3 | ||||
Independent hold | Swing |
St Dogmaels
The ward was previously known as Cemaes No. 1.
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Independent | Halket Jones | 1,387 | |||
Labour | P. Harwood | 238 | |||
Independent | W. Jones | 146 | |||
Majority | |||||
Turnout | |||||
Independent hold | Swing |
Saundersfoot
The ward was previously known as Narberth No. 1.
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Independent | G.C. Rowe | Unopposed | |||
Independent hold |
Tenby
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Independent | Michael Tracy Folland | 788 | 39.5 | ||
Independent | W. Hardy | 510 | 25.6 | ||
Independent | William James Rossiter | 343 | 17.2 | ||
Plaid Cymru | D. Griffiths | 212 | 10.6 | ||
Independent | C.J. Evans | 89 | 4.5 | −27.2 | |
Independent | A. Gozzer | 54 | 2.7 | ||
Majority | 13.9 | ||||
Turnout | 46.2 | +2.4 | |||
Independent gain from SDP | Swing |
The Havens
Boundary change.
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Independent | T.R.L. Martin* | 679 | 39.5 | ||
Independent | George Charles Grey | 521 | 30.3 | ||
Independent | Basil Ralph Woodruff* | 275 | 16.0 | ||
Independent | K.W.J. Rogers | 246 | 14.3 | ||
Majority | 13.9 | ||||
Turnout | 45.0 | ||||
Independent win (new seat) |
References
- ^ "Dyfed County Council Election Results 1973-1993" (PDF). The Elections Cente, Plymouth University. Retrieved 8 May 2016.