Wakes week
The Wakes Week is a holiday period in parts of England and Scotland. Originally a religious celebration or feast, the tradition of the Wakes Week developed into a secular holiday, particularly in North West England during the Industrial Revolution. In Scotland, each city has a "Trades Fortnight"; two weeks in the summer when tradesmen take their holidays.
Although a strong tradition during the 19th and 20th centuries, the observance of the holiday has almost disappeared in recent times, due to the decline of the manufacturing industries in the United Kingdom and the standardisation of school holidays across England.
History
In 601 AD, Pope Gregory I wrote a letter to Mellitus (a member of the Gregorian mission sent to England to convert the Anglo-Saxons from their native paganism to Christianity) which read:[1]
When, therefore, Almighty God shall bring you to the most reverend man our brother bishop, St Augustine, tell him what I have, upon mature deliberation on the affair of the English, thought of; namely, that the temples of the idols in that nation ought not to be destroyed. Let holy water be made, and sprinkled in the said temples; let altars be erected, and let relics be deposited in them. For since those temples are built, it is requisite that they be converted from the worship of the devils to the service of the true God; that the nation, not seeing those temples destroyed, may remove error from their hearts, and knowing and adoring the true God, may the more familiarly resort to the same places to which they have been accustomed. And because they are wont to sacrifice many oxen in honour of the devils, let them celebrate a religious and solemn festival, not slaughtering the beasts for devils, but to be consumed by themselves, to the praise of God...
Every church at its consecration was given the name of a patron saint, and either the day of its consecration or the saint's feast day became the church's festival. Church services began at sunset on Saturday and the night of prayer was called a vigil, eve or, due to the late hour "wake", from the Old English waecan.[1] Each village had a wake with quasi-religious celebrations such as rushbearing followed by church services then sports, games, dancing and drinking.[2] As wakes became more secular the more boisterous entertainments were moved from the sabbath to Saturday and Monday was reserved for public entertainments such as bands, games and funfairs.[3]
During the Industrial Revolution the tradition of the wakes was adapted into a regular summer holiday particularly, but not exclusively, in some parts of the North of England and industrialised areas of the Midlands where each locality nominated a wakes week during which the local factories, collieries and other industries closed for a week. The wakes holiday started as an unpaid holiday when the mills and factories were closed for maintenance.
Each town in Lancashire took the holiday on a different week in the summer so that from June to September each town was on holiday a different week.[4] In 1906, an agreement on unpaid holidays was reached which became the pattern for the Wakes holidays in Lancashire mill towns. It was implemented in 1907 and guaranteed 12 days annual holiday, including bank holidays — this was increased to 15 days in 1915.[4]
There was a long-held belief amongst the working classes of the North of England of the benefits of bathing in the sea during the months of August and September, as there was said to be "physic in the sea". The expansion of the railway network led Blackpool to become a seaside resort catering mainly for the Lancashire working classes. Southport catered for the slightly better off and Morecambe attracted visitors from the West Riding textile towns.[4] The railway link to Blackpool from the mill town of Oldham was completed in 1846 and in the peak year of 1860, more than 23,000 holidaymakers travelled on special trains to the resort during Wakes Week from that town alone.[5]
In the last quarter of the 19th century, trips increased from day trips to full weeks away and 'Wakes Saving' or 'Going-Off' clubs became popular. The saving clubs were a feature of the industrial North until paid holidays became a reality in the 1940s and '50s.[6]
There is a merry, happy time,
To grace withal this simple rhyme:
There is jovial, joyous hour,
Of mirth and jollity in store:
The Wakes! The Wakes!
The jocund wakes!
My wandering memory now forsakes
The present busy scene of things,
Erratic upon Fancy's wings,
For olden times, with garlands crown'd
And rush-carts green on many a mound.
In hamlets bearing a great name,
The first in astronomic fame.
— From The Village Festival by Droylsden poet Elijah Ridings (1802–1872).[7]
Present day
The tradition has now disappeared in most of the UK, due to the decline of traditional manufacturing industries and schools objecting to the holidays at crucial exam times.[8] It was common for local authorities to allocate a one-week school holiday to coincide with Wakes Week in lieu of holiday time elsewhere in the year, but schools began to discontinue the Wakes Week holiday after the introduction of the National Curriculum and the standardisation of school holidays across England.[9] Councils no longer have a statutory power to set dates for public holidays following the introduction of the Employment Act 1989 and the Local Government etc. (Scotland) Act 1994.[10]
See also
References
Notes
- ^ a b Harland 1873, pp. 123–124
- ^ Barton 2005, p. 74
- ^ Barton 2005, p. 75
- ^ a b c Fowler 2003, p. 63
- ^ Walton 1983, p. 80
- ^ Barton 2005, p. 77
- ^ McDonald, Bill & Karen (2002). "Droylsden Poets". The McDonal family homepage. Retrieved 17 April 2010.
- ^ Barker, Janice (22 June 2009). "Oh, Wakes a week it was". Oldham Evening Chronicle. Chronicle Online. Retrieved 30 June 2013.
- ^ "Final Wakes Week marks end of an era" Craven Herald & Pioneer article
- ^ "Public holidays". Perth and Kinross Council. Retrieved 17 January 2014.
Bibliography
- Barton, Susan (2005), Working-class organisations and popular tourism, 1840–1970, Manchester: Manchester University Press, ISBN 0-7190-6590-9
- Fowler, Alan (2003), Lancashire cotton operatives and work, 1900-1950, Ashgate Publishing, ISBN 978-0-7546-0116-6
- Harland, John; Wilkinson, T. T. (1873). "Pageants, maskings and mummings". Lancashire legends traditions, pageants. George Routledge and Sons. pp. 123–124.
- Walton, John (1983). Leisure in Britain (1780–1939). Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 0-7190-1946-X.
External links
- . The American Cyclopædia. 1879.
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