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Trierarchy

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A trierarchy (Greek: τριηραρχία, romanized: trierarchia) was a type of obligation called a liturgy, a debt similar to a tax on the very wealthy in Ancient Athens. The person (or persons) up on whom the duty fell is called a trierarch. The trierarch was responsible for the outfitting, maintenance, operation and leadership of a warship known as a trireme, the hull and mast of the ship being provided by the State. The responsibility might fall on one person or be shared, in which case it was known as a syntrierarchy. The cost of a whole trierarchy was not less than forty minas nor more than a talent with the average being 50 minas. The burden of the trierarchy was so great that during some years no other liturgy could be assessed in the same or the following year.[1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10]

Four eras of trierarchy

The trierarchy's can be divided into four distinct eras, each having a distinct time period and obligation and implementation.

First trierarchy

The beginning of the trierarchy dates from before the time of Hippias (460 BCE). Starting with the 48 naucrarias of Solon (638 BCE–558 BCE) and the 50 naucrarias of Cleisthenes each naucraria was obliged to equip a ship. When the naval force was gradually increased to 200 vessels which was the number at sea at the time of the Battle of Salamis the trierarchs also became more numerous.[2][6][9]

Second trierarchy

The second form began in 409 BCE.[2] It was during this time the trierarchy began being shared by more than one trierarch, this arrangement known as a syntrierarchy may have been because there were not enough citizens of sufficient wealth to support the 400 triremes in use every year. The command of the ship would be as worked out between the two, amongst themselves. The ships improvements that had been funded by a previous trierarch were often left with the ship with the new trierarch(s) being responsible to reimburse the previous trierarch for the improvements.[6]

Third trierarchy

The third form was established by Periander and lasted from 357 to 341 BCE. During this period up to 16 individuals might form a trierarchy known as a symmoria. They would share the burden in equal shares regardless of their actual wealth. The supervision of the whole business would be left to the wealthiest individual, who would often contract a commander for the whole sum from their colleagues so that many in reality paid nothing and yet were exempted by the trierarchy from all other liturgies.[6]

Fourth trierarchy

Demosthenes, well aware of the defects of the third form or symmoria, brought forward a new law in 340 B.C.E. that improved the funding and operation of the trierarchy. The trierarchy were rated for a trireme according to their property as stated in the register in such a manner that one trireme was required from 10 talents. If their wealth was valued at a higher than 10 talents they would be assigned up to three triremes and one auxiliary vessel. Those who had less than 10 talents were to unite in syntelia until they made up that sum.[6]

References

  1. ^ Lytton, Edward Bulwer (1852). Athens, Its Rise and Fall: With Views of the Literature, Philosophy, and Social Life of the Athenian People. Original from the University of Michigan: Harper & Brothers. pp. Page 254, 255. Trierarchy.
  2. ^ a b c Cornish, Francis Warre (1898). A Concise Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities:Based on Sir William Smith's Larger Dictionary and Incorporating The Results of Modern Research. Murray. pp. Page 651, 652.
  3. ^ Smith, William (1851). A School Dictionary of Greek & Roman Antiquities. Original from the University of Michigan: Harper & bros. pp. Page 335, 336. Trierarchy.
  4. ^ Grote, George (1888). A History of Greece: From the Earliest Period to the Close of the Generation Contemporary with Alexander The Great. Original from the University of California: J. Murray. pp. Page 448. Trierarchy.
  5. ^ Thirlwall, Connop (1855). The History of Greece. Original from the University of Michigan: Longman, Brown, Green, and Longmans [etc.] pp. Page 75.
  6. ^ a b c d e Böckh, August (Translated by George Cornewall Lewis) (1842). The public economy of Athens; to which is added, a dissertation on the. Original from Oxford University: Arno Press. pp. Page 548–576.
  7. ^ Goldsmith, Oliver (1858). Pinnock's Improved Edition of Dr. Goldsmith's History of Greece:. Original from Harvard University: C. Desilver. pp. Page 57, 58.
  8. ^ Demosthenes (1878). The Orations of Demosthenes... Original from the University of Michigan: Harper & bros. pp. Pages 311–319. Trierarchy.
  9. ^ a b Bojesen, Ernst Frederik; Arnold, T. K. (1874). A Manual of Grecian and Roman Antiquities. Original from the New York Public Library: D. Appleton & Co. pp. Page 132, 133. Trierarchy.
  10. ^ Champlin, J. T. (1850). The Oration of Aeschines Against Ctesiphon: With Notes. Original from Harvard University: J. Bartlett. pp. Page 169. Trierarchy.
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