Tropicoporus tropicalis
| Tropicoporus tropicalis | |
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| Genus: | Tropicoporus
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| Species: | T. tropicalis
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| Binomial name | |
| Tropicoporus tropicalis L.W.Zhou et al (2015)
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Tropicoporus tropicalis is part of the family Hymenochaetaceae, and was recently renamed to Tropicoporus tropicalis from Inonotus tropicalis, which is part of the Inonotus clade B.[1] Tropicoporus tropicalis is a wood-decaying basidiomycetes that rarely causes disease in animals and human, and is commonly found in humid climate such as Brazil.[2][3][4][5][6] In its natural environment, the fungus is associated with white rot woody angiosperms, and has its annual fruiting body on tree trunks and branches.[3] Tropicoporus tropicalis has two kinds of hyphae (a dimitic hyphal system), generative and skeletal, that lack clamp connections.[2][3][7][8]
Taxonomy, classification, and phylogeny
The earliest record of Tropicoporus tropicalis is by the name Poria rickii, which is then modified into Phellinus rickii, and then renamed to Phellinus tropicalis.[8] However, it is later suggested that Phellinus tropicalis should belong to one of the Inonotus sensu stricto clade after phylogenetic analysis of the fungus's rDNA nuclear LSU sequence.[9] The name Inonotus rickii was also used to describe this fungus, and it is also a species of Inonotus sensu stricto.[10]
The genus Inonotus contains at least three clades (A, B, and C), and Clade B and C have species from the Inonotus linteus complex, which was transferred from Inonotus sensu stricto.[1][7] However, the Inonotus linteus complex is later divided into Sanghuangporus and Tropicoporus.[1] After the transfer from Inonotus sensu stricto to Inonotus linteus, and then to Tropicoporus, the fungus is currently named as Tropicoporus tropicalis.[1]
Description and characteristics
Tropicoporus tropicalis is a fungus with the growth characteristics of being appressed, short-downy, homogeneous, adherent, even margins, indistinct, and odourless.[8] It is also woolly and yellowish-orange colonies,[2] with annual fruiting bodies and dimitic hyphal system,[9] which refers to the appearance of two kinds of hyphae: generative (2.5 – 4 ɥm in diameter, thin-walled, simple-septate, and pale yellowish brown), and skeletal (3.5 – 4.5 ɥm in diameter, thick-walled, infrequently simple-septate, and dull yellowish brown).[3][7][8] Moreover, the fungus lacks setal hyphae and clamp connections in its hyphae, which is either thin or thick walled.[2][7] However, it has numerous reddish brown Hymenial setae that has a maximum length of 25 ɥm,[7][10] and has dull brown pores that becomes whiter near the margin.[8][10] The Basidiocarp of Tropicoporus tropicalis is annual, resupinate, and hyaline.[1][7] The abundant fungal spores are coloured yellowish to ochraceous, and shaped ovoid to broadly ellipsoid and smooth when mature.[10] Both the spores (7 - 9 per mm) and the basidiospores are small, with basidiospores having more than 3.5 um wide when it is ellipsoid, and are less than 3.5 um wide when it is sub-globose.[1][7]
Physiology
The fungus grows:
- Moderately rapid in MEA (Malt Extract Agar)[8]
- In 0.05% cycloheximide[2]
The mat diameter of the fungus depends on temperature, but the optimal growth temperature is around 36 °C, and the maximum temperature without growth (not killed) is 44 °C.[8] Even though all parts of the fungus could be darkened by 2% KOH, only the hyphae can be stained by phloxine, a reddish dye.[8] Furthermore, Tropicoporus tropicalis is also found to be highly resistant to caspofungin and posaconazole, two different anti-fungal compounds.[2]
Ecology and habitat
Tropicoporus tropicalis is a poroid wood-decaying basidiomycete[3][4] that is usually associated with white rot woody angiosperms,[2] grow on deciduous wood,[5] and have fruiting body on infected tree trunks and branches.[3] It is mainly found in the tropical zone[1] and humid climate,[5] such as Brazil; but is present in Mississippi, Florida, Georgia, Jamaica, Guadeloupe, Costa Rica, Colombia, East Africa, and Malaya, Johore, and Mawaii Malaysia.[6]
Diseases
Tropicoporus tropicalis rarely causes diseases in animals and human.[2] However, it is an opportunistic pathogen that has the potential to induce allergic and invasive diseases in mammals.[2]
Animal
The fungus has been recorded to cause fungal pericardial effusion and myocarditis in a French bulldog, that was under immunosuppressive therapy (species was non-pigmented, and has indication of a hyalohyphomycosis infection);[4] and induced a granulomatous mediastinal mass in an immunocompromised Irish Wolfhound dog.[11]
Human
The first association of an invasive infection on human occurred on a patient with chronic granulomatous disease.[6][12] In addition, two similar chronic granulomatous disease cases of I. tropicalis infection were later found in immunodeficient children and adults that had caused osteomyelitis.[5]
References
- ^ a b c d e f g Zhou, Li-Wei; Vlasák, Josef; Decock, Cony; Assefa, Addisu; Stenlid, Jan; Abate, Dawit; Wu, Sheng-Hua; Dai, Yu-Cheng (26 April 2015). "Global diversity and taxonomy of the Inonotus linteus complex (Hymenochaetales, Basidiomycota): Sanghuangporus gen. nov., Tropicoporus excentrodendri and T. guanacastensis gen. et spp. nov., and 17 new combinations". Fungal Diversity. 77: 335–347. doi:10.1007/s13225-015-0335-8.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Chowdhary, A.; Kathuria, S.; Agarwal, K.; Meis, J. F. (8 September 2014). "Recognizing filamentous basidiomycetes as agents of human disease: A review". Medical Mycology. 52 (8): 782–797. doi:10.1093/mmy/myu047. PMID 25202126.
- ^ a b c d e f De Simone, Daniele; D’Amico, Lorella; Bressanin, Daniela; Motta, Emma; Annesi, Tiziana (17 August 2010). "Molecular characterization of Inonotus rickii /Ptychogaster cubensis isolates from different geographic provenances". Mycological Progress. 10 (3): 301–306. doi:10.1007/s11557-010-0702-5.
- ^ a b c Ribas, Thibault; Pipe-Martin, Hannah; Kim, Kenneth S.; Leissinger, Mary K.; Bauer, Rudy W.; Grasperge, Britton J.; Grooters, Amy M.; Sutton, Deanna A.; Pariaut, Romain (June 2015). "Fungal myocarditis and pericardial effusion secondary to Inonotus tropicalis (phylum Basidiomycota) in a dog". Journal of Veterinary Cardiology. 17 (2): 142–148. doi:10.1016/j.jvc.2015.01.004.
- ^ a b c d Nguyen, D.K.; Davis, C.M.; Chinen, J.; Vallejo, J.G.; Noroski, L.M. (February 2009). "Basidiomycetous Inonotus (Phellinus) tropicalis Osteomyelitis in Pediatric and Adult X-linked Chronic Granulomatous Disease". Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 123 (2): S13. doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2008.12.060.
- ^ a b c Sutton, D. A.; Thompson, E. H.; Rinaldi, M. G.; Iwen, P. C.; Nakasone, K. K.; Jung, H. S.; Rosenblatt, H. M.; Paul, M. E. (4 February 2005). "Identification and First Report of Inonotus (Phellinus) tropicalis as an Etiologic Agent in a Patient with Chronic Granulomatous Disease". Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 43 (2): 982–987. doi:10.1128/JCM.43.2.982-987.2005. PMC 548074. PMID 15695724.
- ^ a b c d e f g Campos-Santana, Marisa De; Robledo, Gerardo; Decock, Cony; Silveira, Rosa Mara Borges Da (March 2015). "Diversity of the Poroid Hymenochaetaceae (Basidiomycota) from the Atlantic Forest and Pampa in Southern Brazil". Cryptogamie, Mycologie. 36 (1): 43–78. doi:10.7872/crym.v36.iss1.2015.43.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Larsen, Michael J.; Lombard, Frances F. (January 1988). "Studies in the Genus Phellinus. I. The Identity of Phellinus rickii with Notes on Its Facultative Synonyms". Mycologia. 80 (1): 72. doi:10.2307/3807495. JSTOR 3807495.
- ^ a b Wagner, T; Fischer, M (2002). "Proceedings towards a natural classification of the worldwide taxa Phellinus s.l. and Inonotus s.l., and phylogenetic relationships of allied genera". Mycologia. 94 (6): 998–1016. doi:10.2307/3761866. JSTOR 3761866. PMID 21156572.
- ^ a b c d Gottlieb, Alexandra M.; Wright, Jorge E.; Moncalvo, Jean-Marc (August 2002). "Inonotus s. l. in Argentina — Morphology, cultural characters and molecular analyses". Mycological Progress. 1 (3): 299–313. doi:10.1007/s11557-006-0028-5.
- ^ Sheppard, B. J.; McGrath, E.; Giuffrida, M.; Craft, S. L. M.; Kung, C. Y.; Smith, M. E. (8 August 2013). "Report of wood decay fungus Inonotus tropicalis (phylum Basidiomycota) from a dog with a granulomatous mediastinal mass". Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation. 25 (5): 566–572. doi:10.1177/1040638713499341.
- ^ Davis, CM; Noroski, LM; Dishop, MK; Sutton, DA; Braverman, RM; Paul, ME; Rosenblatt, HM (July 2007). "Basidiomycetous fungal Inonotus tropicalis sacral osteomyelitis in X-linked chronic granulomatous disease". The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal. 26 (7): 655–6. doi:10.1097/inf.0b013e3180616cd0. PMID 17596815.