Marsupionta
Marsupionta is a hypothesised subclass within the Mammalia group. The existence of Marsupionta is a postulation by some researchers as a category devolving upon a notional unification between marsupials (Marsupialia, Metatheria) with the egg-laying monotremes (Monotremata, Protheria). Under this suggested classification, placental mammals (Placentalia, Eutheria) would be the sister subclass to Marsupionta. The Marsupionta hypothesis was proposed in 1947 by W.K. Gregory[1] and has since been the subject of multiple studies.[2][3][4] This merging of marsupials and monotremes into the hypothesized subclass of Marsupionta is contrary to the widespread belief that pouch and placental mammals share the common subclass Theria that excludes monotremes.
Evidence
Morphological evidence
Under this scheme that splits the marsupials from the monotremes, monotremes are placed by themselves in the subclass Yinotheria. Yinotheria are characterised by a number of common derived characteristics (synapomorphies), which include among others, viviparia (the birth of live pups), the presence of teats, and several features in the skull and shoulder girdle structures.
Common morphological features of the Marsupionta exist only in the epipubic (pouch) bones. The two epipubic bones that protrude from the pelvis bone, are present in both monotremes and marsupials, but are missing in placentals. However, some primitive mammals, as well as fossil ancestors of the Cretaceous higher mammals also exhibit these bones. It can therefore be assumed that the epipubic bones were an original feature that has been reduced in today's placentals, and thus no morphological feature for the Marsupionta exists.
The majority of researchers prefer the Theria classification based on the morphologies of marsupials and monotremes.
Molecular evidence
Genetic findings regarding the correct classification scheme for marsupials and monotremes are contradictory. Comparisons of mitochondrial DNA support the Marsupionta theory,[5] while genome sequencing[6] speaks for the Theria hypothesis. Other studies do not come to a clear conclusion.
References
- ^ "The root of the mammalian tree inferred from whole mitochondrial genomes". CiteSeerX 10.1.1.518.7974.
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help) - ^ Kullberg, Morgan; Hallström, Björn M; Arnason, Ulfur; Janke, Axel (2008). "Phylogenetic analysis of 1.5 Mbp and platypus EST data refute the Marsupionta hypothesis and unequivocally support Monotremata as sister group to Marsupialia/Placentalia". Zoologica Scripta. 37 (2): 115–127. doi:10.1111/j.1463-6409.2007.00319.x.
- ^ Killian, J. K; Buckley, T. R; Stewart, N; Munday, B. L; Jirtle, R. L (2001). "Marsupials and Eutherians reunited: genetic evidence for the Theria hypothesis of mammalian evolution". Mammalian Genome. 12 (7): 513–7. doi:10.1007/s003350020026. PMID 11420613.
- ^ Van Rheede, T; Bastiaans, T; Boone, D. N; Hedges, S. B; De Jong, W. W; Madsen, O (2006). "The platypus is in its place: nuclear genes and indels confirm the sister group relation of monotremes and Therians". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 23 (3): 587–97. doi:10.1093/molbev/msj064. PMID 16291999.
- ^ Janke, Axel; Magnell, Ola; et al. (2002). "Phylogenetic Analysis of 18S rRNA and the Mitochondrial Genomes of the Wombat, Vombatus ursinus, and the Spiny Anteater, Tachyglossus aculeatus; Increased Support for the Marsupionta Hypothesis". J. Mol. Evol. 54 (1): 71–80. doi:10.1007/s00239-001-0019-8. PMID 11734900 – via ResearchGate.
- ^ Grützner, Frank; Graves, Jeniffer A. Marshall (2004). "A platypus' eye view of the mammalian genome" (PDF). Curr. Opin. Genet. Dev. 14: 642–649. doi:10.1016/j.gde.2004.09.006. PMID 15531159. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-03-11. Retrieved 2018-08-18 – via University of Antwerp.