Wheat weevil
| Wheat weevil | |
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Scientific classification 
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| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Family: | Curculionidae |
| Subfamily: | Dryophthorinae |
| Tribe: | Litosomini |
| Genus: | Sitophilus |
| Species: | S. granarius
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| Binomial name | |
| Sitophilus granarius | |
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The wheat weevil (Sitophilus granarius), also known as the grain weevil or granary weevil, is an insect that feeds on cereal grains, and is a common pest in many places. It can cause significant damage to harvested stored grains and may drastically decrease crop yields. The females lay many eggs and the larvae eat the inside of the grain kernels.
Identification
Adult wheat weevils are about 3–5 mm (0.12–0.20 in) long with elongated snouts and chewing mouth parts.[2] Depending on the grain kernels, the size of the weevil varies. In small grains, such as millet or grain sorghum, they are small in size, but are larger in maize (corn).[3] The adults are a reddish-brown color and lack distinguishing marks. Adult wheat weevils are not capable of flight. Larvae are legless, humpbacked, and are white with a tan head. Weevils in the pupal stage have snouts like the adults.
Natural history
Life cycle
Female wheat weevils lay between 36 and 254 eggs and usually one egg is deposited in each grain kernel. All larval stages and the pupal stage occur within the grain. The larvae feed inside the grain until pupation, after which they bore a hole out of the grain and emerge. They are rarely seen outside of the grain kernel. The life cycle takes about 5 weeks in the summer, but may take up to 20 weeks in cooler temperatures.[4] Adults can live up to 8 months after emerging.
Behavior
Adult wheat weevils when threatened or disturbed will pull their legs close to their bodies and feign death. Female weevils can tell if a grain kernel has had an egg laid in it by another weevil.[5] They avoid laying another egg in this grain. Females chew a hole, deposit an egg, and seal the hole with a gelatinous secretion. This may be how other females know the grain has an egg in it already. This ensures the young will survive and produce another generation. One pair of weevils may produce up to 6,000 offspring per year.
It is not found "in the wild", but only in human food-storage situations.[6]
Human impact
Wheat weevils are wheat, oats, rye, barley, rice and corn pests. Unfortunately the impact of wheat weevils worldwide is unknown because information is not well shared. It is believed to be especially bad in places where the grain harvests are not accurately measured. The weevils are hard to detect and usually all of the grain in an infested storage facility must be destroyed. Many methods have been attempted to get rid of the wheat weevil, such as pesticides, different methods of masking the odor of the grain with unpleasant scents, and some have even gone as far as introducing predator organisms.[7]
Prevention and control
Sanitation and inspection are the keys to prevent the infestation. Grains should be stored in preferably metallic (cardboard, even fortified, is easily drilled through by the weevil) containers with tight lids in a refrigerator or a freezer, and should be purchased in small quantities. If any suspicion has arisen, carefully examine the grains for adult insects or holes in the grain kernels. Another method is to immerse them in water. If they float to the surface, it is a good indication of infestation. Even if identified early, disposal may be the only effective solution.
See also
- Rice weevil (Sitophilus oryzae)
- Maize weevil (Sitophilus zeamais)
- Lixus concavus, the rhubarb curculio weevil
References
- ^ "Sitophilus granarius (Linnaeus, 1758)". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved September 6, 2012.
- ^ Akol, Anne M.; Chidege, Maneno Y.; Talwana, Herbert A.L.; Mauremootoo, John R. "Factsheet - Sitophilus granarius (Linnaeus, 1875) - Granary Weevil". BioNET-EAFRINET. Retrieved 2017-03-08.
- ^ "Granary and Rice Weevils" (PDF). Retrieved 2009-01-21.
- ^ "Store Products Pests: Granary Weevil" (PDF). Retrieved 2009-01-21.
- ^ Woodbury, N. 2008. Infanticide Avoidance by the Granary Weevil, Sitophilus granarius (L.) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae): The Role of Harbourage Markers, Oviposition Markers, and Egg-Plugs. Journal of Insect Behavior, 21: 55-62.
- ^ Patterson, Lindsay (8 January 2019). "Meet The Granary Weevil, The Pantry Monster Of Our Own Creation". NPR. Retrieved 9 January 2019.
- ^ Giacinto, G. S., Antonio, D. C., & Giuseppe, R. 2008. Behavioral responses of adult Sitophilus granarius to individual cereal volatiles. Journal of Chemical Ecology, 34: 523-529.
External links
- Sitophilus granarius in the CalPhotos photo database, University of California, Berkeley