Oenochoe

Oenochoe
οἰνοχόη
Terracotta trefoil oenochoe, wild-goat style, C. 625 BC–600 BC, in the Louvre. Below: bronze trefoil-mouthed oenochoe with Dionysus head on handle attachment, 330-320 BC, part of the Vassil Bojkov collection, Sofia, Bulgaria
Material	Mainly terracotta, rarely metals, stone, and later glass
Size	Typically 25 centimetres (9.8 in) or less in height
Writing	None in the Bronze Age, illustration names of depicted scenes in classical times
Classification	oenochoe, "wine pourer"
Culture	Cross-cultural in Mediterranean civilizations

An oenochoe, also spelled oinochoe (Ancient Greek: οἰνοχόη; from Ancient Greek: οἶνος oînos, "wine" and Ancient Greek: χέω khéō, "I pour," sense "wine-pourer"; plural oinochoai; New Latin oenochoë, plural oenochoae, English plural oenochoes or oinochoes), is a wine jug and a key form of ancient Greek pottery. Intermediate between a pithos (large storage vessel) or amphora (transport vessel), and individual cups or bowls, it held fluid for several persons temporarily until it could be poured. The term oinos (Linear B wo-no) appears in Mycenaean Greek, but not the compound. The characteristic form was popular throughout the Bronze Age, especially at prehistoric Troy. In classical times for the most part the term oinochoe implied the distribution of wine. As the word began to diversify in meaning, the shape became a more important identifier than the word. The oinochoe could pour any fluid, not just wine. The English word, pitcher, is perhaps the closest in function.

Beazley's ten types

There are many different forms of oenochoae; Sir John Beazley distinguished ten types. The earliest is the olpe (ὀλπή, olpḗ), with no distinct shoulder and usually a handle rising above the lip. The "type 8 oenochoe" is what one would call a mug, with no single pouring point and a slightly curved profile. The chous (χοῦς; pl. choes) was a squat rounded form, with trefoil mouth. Small examples with scenes of children, as in the example illustrated, were placed in the graves of children.

Characteristics of oenochoae

Oenochoae may be decorated or undecorated. Oenochoae typically have only one handle, which may be opposite a trefoil mouth and pouring spout. At its most distinct development, the trefoil mouth offers three alternative directions of pouring, one opposite the handle, and two to the side, an advantage at a crowded table not afforded by English pitchers. Their size also varies considerably; most, at up to 25 centimetres (9.8 in) tall, could be comfortably held and poured with one hand, but there are much larger examples.

Most Greek oenochoae were in terracotta, but oenochoae of precious metals were not unknown, presumably among elements of society that could afford them, though but few have survived. Large versions in stone were sometimes used as grave markers, often carved with reliefs. In pottery, some oinochoai are "plastic", with the body formed as sculpture, usually one or more human heads.

Prehistoric oenochoae were at first hand-made, unpolished, and undecorated. Low-economy oenochoae remained so, but gradually incised bands with simple motifs such as zig-zags and spirals, or burnished, monochrome surfaces, became common. In the Late Bronze Age the incised bands were painted for a more striking surface, and from then on the Greek oinochoai followed the traditional course of development for Greek decoration. Among the higher-quality pots, quite a few masterpieces have survived.

Gallery of oenochoae

• 
  Oinochoe Shape 1, H. 22 cm (8 ½ inches), diam. 13.5 cm (5 ¼ in.), Eos (Dawn) pursuing Tithonus. Attic red-figure, 470–460 BC
• 
  Oinochoe Shape 2, H. 23.5 cm (9 ¼ in.), diam. 14.3 cm (5 ½ in.), Attic, 4th century
• 
  Oinochoe Shape 3, H. 10.5 cm (4 in.); Diam. 8.1 cm (3 in.)
• 
  Oinochoe Shape 7, H. 21 cm (8 ¼ in.), diam. 12.8 cm (5 in.), Javelin thrower. Attic red-figured, ca. 450 BC
• 
  Shape 8, 8th century BC
• 
  Olpe, Corinthian, c. 575–c. 550 BC, height: 25.2 cm (9.9 in). Diameter: 13.1 cm (5.2 in)
• 
  Chous, last decade of the 5th century BC, 9.1 × 7 cm (3.6 × 2.8 in). Probably used in a child's grave.
• 
  Plastic version with woman's head
• 
  Funerary oinochoe, with "farewell" scene with a deceased woman, third quarter of the 4th century BC
• 
  Bronze oenochoe, Nova Zagora, Bulgaria, with a trefoil spout
• 
  Archaic period, 750–600 BC
• 
  Oinochoe by the Shuvalov Painter (Berlin F2414) with famous erotic scene
• 
  The Dipylon Inscription, c. 740 BC, perhaps the earliest datable Greek writing
• 
  Squat oinochoe, with ibex and lions, Otterlo Painter, late 7th c BC
• 
  Apulian red-figure Oinochoe by the White Saccos Workshop
• 
  Dispute between Ajax and Odysseus for Achilles' armour. Attic black-figure oinochoe, ca. 520 BC. Kalos inscription. H. 20 cm (7 ¾ in.), diam. 13.7 cm (5 ¼ in.)

See also

• Typology of Greek vase shapes
• Corpus vasorum antiquorum
• Ancient Greek vase painting
• Pottery of ancient Greece

External links

• Media related to Oinochoes at Wikimedia Commons