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Mbuti people

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For the 1956 documentary, see Bambuti (film).
Mbuti
A group of Mbuti, with American explorer Osa Johnson, in 1930
Total population
30,000 to 40,000[1]
Regions with significant populations
Democratic Republic of the Congo
Languages
Efe, Asoa, Kango, French
Religion
Bambuti mythology, Christianity
Related ethnic groups
Pygmies

The Mbuti people, or Bambuti, are one of several indigenous pygmy groups in the Congo region of Africa. Their languages are Central Sudanic languages and Bantu languages.

Subgroups

The Mbuti population live in the Ituri Forest, a tropical rainforest covering about 70,000 km2 of the north/northeast portion of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Many Batwa in various parts of the DRC call themselves Bambuti as well.[2] Bambuti are pygmy hunter-gatherers, and are one of the oldest indigenous people of the Congo region of Africa. The Bambuti are composed of bands which are relatively small in size, ranging from 15 to 60 people. The Bambuti population totals about 30,000 to 40,000 people.[1]

There are three distinct subgroups:[3]

  • The Sua (also Kango, or Mbuti), who speak a dialect (or perhaps two) of the language of a neighboring Bantu people, Bila. They are located centrally and are eponymous of the larger group.
  • The Efé, who speak the language of the neighboring Central Sudanic Lese.
  • The Asua, speakers of the Mangbetu (Central Sudanic) Asua language.

Environment

Map of Ituri Rainforest within the DRC

The forest of Ituri is a tropical rainforest.[4] In this area, there is a high amount of rainfall annually, ranging from 50 to 70 inches (127 cm to 178 cm). The rainforest covers 70,000 square kilometers. The Mbuti population lives in the Ituri Forest, a tropical rainforest covering about 70,000 km2 of the north/northeast portion of the Congo.[citation needed] The dry season is in January, and then May through August.[5] The forest is a moist, humid region strewn with rivers and lakes. Several ecological problems exist which affect the Bambuti. Disease is prevalent in the forests and can spread quickly, killing not only humans, but plants, and animals, the major source of food, as well. One disease, carried by tsetse flies, is sleeping sickness, which limits the use of large mammals.[6] Too much rainfall, as well as droughts, can greatly diminish the food supply.

Culture

Settlement architecture and organization

The Bambuti live in villages that are categorized as bands. Each hut houses a family unit. At the start of the dry season, they leave the village to enter the forest and set up a series of camps.[6] This way, the Bambuti are able to utilize more land area for maximum foraging. These villages are solitary and separated from other groups of people. Their houses are small, circular, and very temporary.

House construction begins with the tracing of the outline of the house into the ground.[7] The walls of the structures are strong sticks that are placed in the ground, and at the top of the sticks, a vine is tied around them to keep them together.[7] Large leaves and grass are used in the construction of the hut roofs.[7]

Food and resources

Mbuti net-hunter in Okapi Wildlife Reserve

The Bambuti are primarily hunter-gatherers. Their animal diet can include crabs, shellfish, elephant, ants, larvae, snails, wild pigs, antelopes, monkeys, fish, and honey. The vegetable component of their diet includes wild yams, berries, fruits, roots, leaves, and kola nuts.[6]

While hunting, the Bambuti have been known to specifically target the giant forest hog. The meat obtained from the giant forest hog (as is the meat from rats) is often considered kweri, a bad animal which may cause illness to those who eat it,[8] but is often valuable as a trade good between the Bambuti and agriculturalist Bantu groups. Some lore is thought to have identified giant forest hogs as kweri due to their nocturnal habits and penchant for disruption of the few agricultural advances the Bambuti have made.[8] This lore can be tied to Bambuti mythology, where the giant forest hog is thought to be a physical manifestation of Negoogunogumbar. Further, there are unconfirmed reports of giant forest hogs eating Bambuti infants from their cribs in the night.[citation needed] Other food sources yielded by the forest are non-kweri animals for meat consumption, root plants, palm trees, and bananas;[6] and in some seasons, wild honey.[9] Yams, legumes, beans, peanuts, hibiscus, amaranth, and gourds are consumed.[6] The Bambuti use large nets, traps, and bows and arrows to hunt game. Women and children sometimes assist in the hunt by driving the prey into the nets. Both sexes gather and forage. Each band has its own hunting ground, although boundaries are hard to maintain.[4] The Mbuti call the forest "mother" and "father" as the mood seizes them, because, like their parents, the forest gives them food, shelter, and clothing, which are readily made from abundant forest materials.[10]

The Bantu villagers produce many items that the hunter-gatherers trade some of their products for. They often obtain iron goods, pots, wooden goods, and basketry, in exchange for meat, animal hides, and other forest goods.[11] Bushmeat is a particularly frequently traded item.[citation needed] They will also trade to obtain agricultural products from the villagers through barter.[12]

Hunting is usually done in groups, with men, women, and children all aiding in the process. Women and children are not involved if the hunting involves the use of a bow and arrow, but if nets are used, it is common for everyone to participate. In some instances, women may hunt using a net more often than men. The women and the children herd the animals to the net, while the men guard the net. Everyone engages in foraging, and women and men both take care of the children. Women are in charge of cooking, cleaning and repairing the hut, and obtaining water. The kin-based units work together to provide food and care for the young. It is easier for men to lift the women into the trees for honey.

Kinship and descent system

The Bambuti tend to follow a patrilineal descent system, and their residences after marriage are patrilocal. However, the system is rather loose. The only type of group seen amongst the Bambuti is the nuclear family.[9] Kinship also provides allies for each group of people.

Marriage customs

Sister exchange is the common form of marriage. Based on reciprocal exchange, men from other bands exchange sisters or other females to whom they have ties.[4] In Bambuti society, bride wealth is not customary. There is no formal marriage ceremony: a couple are considered officially married when the groom presents his bride's parents with an antelope he alone has hunted and killed. Polygamy does occur, but at different rates depending on the group, and it is not very common. The sexual intercourse of married couples is regarded as an act entirely different from that of unmarried partners, for only in marriage may children be conceived.[13]

Political structure

Bambuti societies have no ruling group or lineage, no overlying political organization, and little social structure. The Bambuti are an egalitarian society in which the band is the highest form of social organization.[4] Leadership may be displayed for example on hunting treks.[4] Men become leaders because they are good hunters. Owing to their superior hunting ability, leaders eat more meat and fat and fewer carbohydrates than other men.[14] Men and women basically have equal power. Issues are discussed and decisions are made by consensus at fire camps; men and women engage in the conversations equivalently.[4] If there is a disagreement, misdemeanor, or offense, then the offender may be banished, beaten, or scorned.[4] In more recent times[when?] the practice is to remove the offender from the forest and have them work for private landowners for little to no pay.[9]

Mythology

Main article: Mbuti mythology

Everything in the Bambuti life is centered on the forest. They consider the forest to be their great protector and provider and believe that it is a sacred place. They sometimes call the forest "mother" or "father".[15] An important ritual that impacts the Bambuti's life is referred to as molimo. After events such as death of an important person in the tribe, molimo is noisily celebrated to wake the forest, in the belief that if bad things are happening to its children, it must be asleep.[citation needed] As with many Bambuti rituals, the time it takes to complete a molimo is not rigidly set; instead, it is determined by the mood of the group. Food is collected from each hut to feed the molimo, and in the evening the ritual is accompanied by the men dancing and singing around the fire. Women and children must remain in their huts with the doors closed. These practices were studied thoroughly by British anthropologist Colin Turnbull, known primarily for his work with the tribe.

"Molimo" is also the name of a trumpet the men play during the ritual. Traditionally, it was made of wood or sometimes bamboo, but Turnbull also reported the use of metal drainpipes. The sound produced by a molimo is considered more important than the material it is made out of. When not in use, the trumpet is stored in the trees of the forest. During a celebration, the trumpet is retrieved by the youth of the village and carried back to the fire.[16]

Contemporary situation

The way of life of the Bambuti is threatened for various reasons. Their territory in the DRC has no legal protections, and the boundaries that each band claims are not formally established. Bambuti are no longer allowed to hunt large game. Due to deforestation, gold mining, and modern influences from plantations, agriculturalists, and efforts to conserve the forests, their food supply is threatened. There is also significant civil unrest in the country.

The Bambuti have also been targets of a genocide campaign known as Effacer le tableau.

Genetics

Further information: African Pygmies § Genetics

Y-chromosomal haplogroup E-M200 has been found in 25% (3/12) of a small sample of Mbuti from the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Haplogroup B-P7 has been observed most frequently in samples of some populations of pygmies 21% (10/47) Mbuti from Democratic Republic of the Congo.[17]

See also

  • Ota Benga (c. 1893–1916), Mbuti man taken to the United States

References

Citations

  1. ^ a b Ofosuah Johnson, Elizabeth (July 19, 2018). "Meet the forgotten African Pygmies who are living ancient lifestyles in the 21st century". Face2Face Africa. Babu Global. Retrieved August 15, 2018.
  2. ^ https://minorityrights.org/minorities/batwa-and-bambuti/
  3. ^ Mukenge 2002, pp. 7–8.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g Mukenge 2002, p. 10.
  5. ^ Mukenge 2002, p. 5.
  6. ^ a b c d e Turnbull, Colin M. (1968). The Forest People. New York: Simon and Schuster, Inc.
  7. ^ a b c Mukenge 2002, p. 85.
  8. ^ a b Ichikawa, Mitsuo (March 1987). "Food Restrictions of the Mbuti Pygmies, Eastern Zaire". African Study Monographs. Supplementary Issue. 6: 97–121. doi:10.14989/68341. ISSN 0286-9667.
  9. ^ a b c Mukenge, Tshilemalea (2002). Culture and Customs of the Congo. Westport, CN: Greenwood Press. ISBN 978-0313314858. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  10. ^ Turnbull, C. (Autumn 1985). "Processional Ritual among the Mbuti Pygmies". The Drama Review: TDR. 29 (3): 8.
  11. ^ Mukenge 2002, pp. 112–114.
  12. ^ Mukenge 2002, p. 7.
  13. ^ Mosko, Mark (December 1987). "The Symbols of "Forest": A Structural Analysis of Mbuti Culture and Social Organization" (PDF). American Anthropologist. New Series. 89 (4): 899. Retrieved 2 November 2018.
  14. ^ Hewlett, Barry S.; Walker, Phillip L. (December 1991). "Social Status and Dental Health among the Aka and Mbuti Pygmies". American Anthropologist. 93 (4): 943–944. doi:10.1525/aa.1991.93.4.02a00100. ISSN 0002-7294.
  15. ^ Mukenge 2002, p. 58.
  16. ^ Cite error: The named reference Godwin Kamona was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  17. ^ Wood, Elizabeth T; Stover, Daryn A; Ehret, Christopher; Destro-Bisol, Giovanni; Spedini, Gabriella; McLeod, Howard; Louie, Leslie; Bamshad, Mike; Strassmann, Beverly I; Soodyall, Himla; Hammer, Michael F (27 April 2005). "Contrasting patterns of Y chromosome and mtDNA variation in Africa: evidence for sex-biased demographic processes". European Journal of Human Genetics. 13 (7): 867–876. doi:10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201408. ISSN 1018-4813. PMID 15856073.

Works cited

General references

  • Ehret, Christopher (2016). The Civilizations of Africa : a History to 1800 (Second ed.). University Press of Virginia. ISBN 978-0813928807.
  • King, Glenn (2003). Traditional cultures : a survey of nonwestern experience and achievement. Prospect Heights, IL: Waveland Press. ISBN 978-1577662037.
  • Day, Thomas (2005). The Largest Expanse. Sydney, NSW: The Technics University of Australia.
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