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Walter M. Gibson

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Walter M. Gibson
Photo of Walter M. Gibson
Prime Minister of Hawaii
In office
June 30, 1886 – October 13, 1886
MonarchKalākaua
Preceded byCelso Caesar Moreno
Succeeded byWilliam C. Wilder
Minister of Foreign Affairs
In office
May 20, 1882 – June 30, 1886
MonarchKalākaua
Preceded byWilliam L. Green
Succeeded byRobert J. Creighton
Minister of the Interior
In office
June 30, 1886 – October 13, 1886
MonarchKalākaua
Preceded byCharles T. Gulick
Succeeded byLuther Aholo
Minister of Foreign Affairs
In office
October 13, 1886 – July 1, 1887
MonarchKalākaua
Preceded byRobert J. Creighton
Succeeded byGodfrey Brown
Personal details
BornMarch 6, 1822
DiedJanuary 21, 1888
San Francisco, California
Resting placeHawaii
NationalityKingdom of Hawaii, American
Political partyNational
SpouseRachel Lewis Gibson
Children3
Signature

Walter Murray Gibson (March 6, 1822 – January 21, 1888) was an American adventurer and a government minister in the Kingdom of Hawaii prior to the kingdom's 1887 constitution.

Early life

Gibson was generally thought to be born March 6, 1822, in the southern United States,[1] though he sometimes claimed to have been born in England.[2] He spent his young adulthood in Anderson District, South Carolina.[3] He was the captain of a ship and became involved in gunrunning in the Caribbean.[1] Later, he was jailed in the East Indies by the Dutch on charges of fomenting rebellion, was sentenced to death[3], but managed to escape from Weltevreden Prison[3] in Java. He claimed receiving a vision while in prison to "build up a kingdom in these isles, whose lines of power shall run around the earth."[4][5] In 1859, he went to Utah Territory and joined The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church), persuading church president Brigham Young to allow him to establish a Mormon colony in the Pacific.[6]

LDS Church colony

Gibson arrived in the Hawaiian Islands in 1861, and founded a colony among members of the LDS Church who already in the islands. He purchased land on the island of Lanai with funds from the colony in his own name, but was excommunicated after an investigation by the church regarding accusations of preaching false doctrine, maladministration of the colony,[7] and embezzlement of church funds.[1] The proceedings leading to his excommunication were initiated by letters from Jonathan Napela and other Native Hawaiian church leaders to church headquarters in Salt Lake City. Upon excommunication, he expelled those who did not support him from his colony and church[8] and began angling for secular political office and power.[citation needed]

Political career

In 1873, Gibson started his own newspaper to extol his virtues in English and Hawaiian called the Nuhou. He successfully ran for the House of Representatives in 1878[9] as a candidate of the King's Party, allying himself with King Kalakaua and portraying himself as the "voice of Hawaiians". In 1880 he bought the Pacific Commercial Advertiser (now the Honolulu Advertiser).[10]

In 1882, he was appointed Minister of Foreign Affairs, and then on June 30, 1886, Prime Minister of the Kingdom of Hawaii by King Kalākaua. He also served on various boards, as Attorney General, Minister of the Interior, and Secretary of War.[9] He often held several cabinet positions simultaneously, and at one point, the cabinet consisted of only him and Minister of Finance John Mākini Kapena, resulting in newspapers labeling him the "Minister of Everything".[11][12]

Hawaiian envoys and Samoan authorities on board of the Kaimiloa in 1887.

Gibson was widely credited with encouraging Kalākaua to make rash political moves, which eventually led to the imposition of the 1887 Constitution of the Kingdom of Hawaii. One of his bolder plans included an attempt to build a Pacific empire, which drew the ire of both the international and local Hawaiian communities.[1] Sending the "homemade battleship" Kaimiloa to Samoa in 1887 resulted in suspicions from the German Navy and embarrassment for the conduct of the crew.[4]

Death

Gibson's fortunes fell dramatically after being removed from power in 1887. He fled the islands for fear of his life and died penniless in San Francisco on January 21, 1888. His body was returned to Hawaii for a funeral and burial.[1]

Personal life

On July 10, 1838, the sixteen-year old Gibson married the twenty-year old Rachel Margaret Lewis (1818–1844), daughter of Jesse and Hannah Lewis. Prior to their marriage, Gibson had been a boarder with the Lewis's in their home in Sandy Springs, outside of Pendleton, South Carolina. They had three children: John Lewis (1838–1877), Henry (died 1893) and Tallulah (later changed to the Hawaiianized Talula, 1843–1903), who married Sheriff of Maui Frederick H. Hayselden. Rachel died in 1844, possibly from the cold conditions of the family's cabin floors or complications from her last pregnancy.[13][14]

In film

Sam Neill played Gibson in the 1999 film Molokai: The Story of Father Damien.

References

  1. ^ a b c d e Will Hoover, "Walter Murray Gibson", Honolulu Advertiser, 2006-07-02
  2. ^ James Warren Gould (1960). "The Filibuster of Walter Murray Gibson". Annual report of the Hawaiian Historical Society. Hawaii Historical Society. pp. 7–32. hdl:10524/56.
  3. ^ a b c "The Case of Captain Gibson". New York Times. May 31, 1854.
  4. ^ a b McBride, Spencer. "Mormon Beginnings in Samoa: Kimo Belio, Samuela Manoa and Walter Murray Gibson". Brigham Young University. Retrieved May 24, 2020.
  5. ^ Walter M., Gibson (May 30, 1859). Letter to Brigham Young. Salt Lake City: Gibson Name File, Church Historians Office. {{cite press release}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
  6. ^ Andrade 1996, p. 11.
  7. ^ Gibson was reportedly selling leadership positions in the church to native Hawaiians.
  8. ^ Sometimes referred to as the "Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints (Gibsonite)" or the "Gibsonite Mormons".
  9. ^ a b "Gibson, Walter Murray office record". state archives digital collections. state of Hawaii. Retrieved March 20, 2010.
  10. ^ Bob Krauss, "Advertiser boasts a storied history", Honolulu Advertiser, 2004-08-22.
  11. ^ Adler, Jacob; Kamins, Robert M. (September 5, 2019). The Fantasic Life of Walter Murray Gibson: Hawaii's Minister of Everything (PDF). University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 9780824883669.
  12. ^ Hamilton, Richard F. (July 5, 2017). America's New Empire: The 1890s and Beyond. Routledge. p. 141. ISBN 9781351532174.
  13. ^ Adler & Kamins 2019, pp. 7–11, 218. sfn error: multiple targets (2×): CITEREFAdlerKamins2019 (help)
  14. ^ Kuykendall 1967, p. 363.

Bibliography

Further reading

Template:Wikipedia books

"A List of All the Cabinet Ministers Who Have Held Office in the Hawaiian Kingdom"
Includes a list of Attorneys General for the Kingdom of Hawaii, their salaries and budgets
Government offices
Preceded by Kingdom of Hawaii Minister of Foreign Affairs
May 1882 – June 1886 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Acting Kingdom of Hawaii Attorney General
May 1883 – December 1883 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Acting Kingdom of Hawaii Minister of the Interior
July 1883 – August 1883 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Kingdom of Hawaii Minister of the Interior
June 1886 – October 1886 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Kingdom of Hawaii Minister of Foreign Affairs
October 1886 – July 1887 		Succeeded by
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