1780 in science

	… 1770; 1771; 1772; 1773; 1774; 1775; 1776; ; 1777; 1778; 1779; 1780; 1781; 1782; 1783; ; 1784; 1785; 1786; 1787; 1788; 1789; 1790 …;
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The year 1780 in science and technology involved some significant events.

Biology

Clément Joseph Tissot publishes Gymnastique médicinale et chirurgicale, ou, essai sur l'utilité du mouvement, ou des différens exercices du corps, et du repos dans la cure des malades in Paris, the first text on the therapeutic benefits of physical exercise.
Lazzaro Spallanzani publishes Dissertationi di fisica animale e vegetale, first interpreting the process of animal digestion as a chemical process in the stomach, by action of gastric juice. He also carries out important researches on animal fertilization.

Jean-Paul Marat publishes Recherches physiques sur le feu (Research into the Physics of Fire) and Découvertes de M. Marat sur la lumière (Mr Marat's Discoveries on Light).

Dr John Aikin publishes his Biographical Memoirs of Medicine in Great Britain, the first English language historical dictionary of physicians.

January 13 – Pierre Jean Robiquet, French chemist (died 1840).
March 10 – William Charles Ellis, English psychiatric physician (died 1839).
April 13 – Alexander Mitchell, Irish engineer and inventor of the screw-pile lighthouse (died 1868).
December 26 – Mary Somerville, British scientific writer (died 1872).
Elizabeth Philpot, English paleontologist (died 1857).

^ Scheele, Carl Wilhelm (1780). "Om Mjölk och dess syra" (About milk and its acid), Kongliga Vetenskaps Academiens Nya Handlingar (New Proceedings of the Royal Academy of Science), 1 : 116-124. From page 116: "Det år bekant, at Ko-mjölk innehåller Smör, Ost, Mjölk-såcker, … " (It is known, that cow's milk contains butter, cheese, milk-sugar, … ); "Om Mjölk-Såcker-Syra" (On milk-sugar acid), Kongliga Vetenskaps Academiens Nya Handlingar (New Proceedings of the Royal Academy of Science), 1 : 269-275. From pages 269–270: "Mjölk-Såcker år et sal essentiale, som uti Mjölken finnes uplöst, och som, för dess sötaktiga smak skull, fått namn af såcker." (Milk sugar is an essential salt, which is found dissolved in milk, and which, on account of its sweet taste, has the name of "sugar".)
^ Wolfe, John J. (1999). Brandy, Balloons, & Lamps: Ami Argand, 1750-1803. Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press. ISBN 0-8093-2278-1.
^ "Earnshaw's Chronometer Escapement". Antique Pocket Watches on the Internet. London: Pieces of Time. Archived from the original on 2012-02-04. Retrieved 2012-03-09.