Sakmarian

Template:Permian In the geologic timescale, the Sakmarian is an age or stage of the Permian. It is a subdivision of the Cisuralian epoch or series. The Sakmarian lasted between 293.52 and 290.1 million years ago (Ma). It was preceded by the Asselian and followed by the Artinskian.^[1]

Stratigraphy

The Sakmarian stage is named after the Sakmara River in the Ural Mountains, a tributary to the Ural River. The stage was introduced into scientific literature by Alexander Karpinsky in 1874. In Russian stratigraphy, it originally formed a substage of the Artinskian stage. Currently, the ICS uses it as an independent stage in its international geologic timescale.

The base of the Sakmarian stage is laid with the first appearance of conodont species Streptognathodus postfusus in the fossil record. A global reference profile for the base (a GSSP) had in 2009 not yet been appointed. The top of the Sakmarian (the base of the Artinskian) is defined as the place in the stratigraphic record where fossils of conodont species Sweetognathus whitei and Mesogondolella bisselli first appear.

Sakmarian life

Cartilaginous fishes

Chondrichthyes of the Sakmarian
Taxa	Presence	Location	Description	Images
Acanthodes	Carboniferous to Cisuralian	Germany	An acanthodian	Acanthodes Orthacanthus Triodus Xenacanthus
Orthacanthus	Carboniferous to Cisuralian	Germany	A xenacanthidan elasmobranch
Triodus	Carboniferous to Cisuralian	Germany	A xenacanthidan elasmobranch
Xenacanthus	Carboniferous to Cisuralian	Germany	A xenacanthidan elasmobranch

Ray-finned fishes

Actinopterygii of the Sakmarian
Taxa	Presence	Location	Description	Images
Aeduella	Carboniferous to Cisuralian	Czech Republic, France	An aeduellid non-neopterygian	Amblypterus
Amblypterus	Cisuralian	Czech Republic	An amblypterid non-neopterygian
Paramblypterus	Cisuralian	Czech Republic, France	An amblypterid non-neopterygian

Lungfishes

Dipnoi of the Sakmarian
Taxa	Presence	Location	Description	Images
Gnathorhiza	Permian to Early Triassic	United States	A gnathorhizid dipnoan	Gnathorhiza

†Osteolepiforms

Osteolepiformes of the Sakmarian
Taxa	Presence	Location	Description	Images
Ectosteorhachis	Cisuralian	North America	A megalichthyid tetrapodomorph	Ectosteorhachis
Palatinichthys	Cisuralian	Germany	A megalichthyid tetrapodomorph

†Temnospondyls

Temnospondyli of the Sakmarian
Taxa	Presence	Location	Description	Images
Acroplous		Kansas	A genus of dvinosaurian temnospondyl within the family Eobrachyopidae.	Archegosaurus Platyhystrix Trimerorhachis Zatrachys
Archegosaurus	Carboniferous to Cisuralian	Germany	A temnospondyl
Parioxys	Cisuralian	Texas	A temnospondyl of uncertain affinities.
Platyhystrix	Carboniferous to Cisuralian	United States	A temnospondyl
Onchiodon O. labyrinthicus	Asselian-Sakmarian	Germany	A species of temnospondyl in the family Eryopidae.
Trimerorhachis		Abo Formation, New Mexico and Seymour, Baylor County, Texas	A temnospondyl
Zatrachys	Cisuralian	Texas, New Mexico, Oklahoma, United States	A zatracheidid

†Lepospondyls

Lepospondyli of the Sakmarian
Taxa	Presence	Location	Description	Images
Diploceraspis		North America	A diplocaulid "nectridean".	Diploceraspis

†Seymouriamorphs

Seymouriamorpha of the Sakmarian
Taxa	Presence	Location	Description	Images
Discosauriscus		Boskovice Furrow, Czech Republic	A reptiliomorph	Discosauriscus

†Diadectomorphs

Diadectomorpha of the Sakmarian
Taxa	Presence	Location	Description	Images
Ambedus	Cisuralian	North America	A reptiliomorph	Diadectes
Diadectes	Cisuralian	North America	A reptiliomorph

†Procolophonomorphs

Procolophonomorpha of the Sakmarian
Taxa	Presence	Location	Description	Images
Belebey	Cisuralian	Europe	A genus of lizard-shaped parareptile	Belebey Bolosaurus
Bolosaurus	Cisuralian	North America and North Asia	A genus of lizard-shaped parareptile

Eureptilians

Eureptilia of the Sakmarian
Taxa	Presence	Location	Description	Images
Captorhinus	Cisuralian	USA	A captorhinid reptile	Captorhinus
Reiszorhinus	Cisuralian	Texas, USA	A captorhinid reptile
Protocaptorhinus	Cisuralian	Texas, USA	A captorhinid reptile
Romeria R. texana R. prima	Cisuralian	Texas, USA	A captorhinid reptile

Synapsids

Synapsids of the Sakmarian
Taxa	Presence	Location	Description	Images
Aerosaurus	Cisuralian	United States	A varanopid	Aerosaurus File:Ctenospondylus BW.jpg Ctenospondylus Cutleria Edaphosaurus Palaeohatteria Sphenacodon
Cabarzia	Cisuralian	Germany	A varanopid
Ctenospondylus	Sakmarian-Kungurian	Greene Formation, Ohio; Belle Plains Formation, Texas; Cutler Formation, Utah, all in the USA	A sphenacodontid
Cutleria		locality 3, Cutler Formation, San Miguel County, Colorado, USA	A sphenacodontid
Edaphosaurus	Pennsylvanian to Cisuralian	United States	An edaphosaurid
Lupeosaurus	Cisuralian	United States	An edaphosaurid
Ophiacodon	Kasimovian-Kungurian	Kenilworth, Kenilworth Sandstone Formation, Warwickshire Group, Warwickshire, England; Autun, France, Cutler Formation, Arizona, Colorado, New Mexico and Utah; Fort Riley, Chase Group, Kansas, Greene Formation, Dunkard Group, Ohio; Wellington Formation, Oklahoma; Clyde Formation, Texas and Oklahoma; Admiral Formation; Belle-Plains Formation; Wichita Group; Putnam Formation, all four in Texas,	An ophiacodontid
Palaeohatteria		Niederhäslich locality, Dresden, Niederhäslich Limestone Member, Niederhäslich Formation, Rotliegend Group, Döhlen Basin, Saxony, Germany	A sphenacodontid
Sphenacodon	Gzhelian-Artinskian	New Mexico; Utah-Arizona border region, USA; possibly England	The English specimen known as S?. brittanicus) is now generally classified as Sphenacodontidae incertae sedis separate from the other Sphenacodon species so may need reassigning.