Hakham
Hakham (or chakam(i), haham(i), hacham(i); Template:Lang-he-n ḥaḵam, "wise") is a term in Judaism, meaning a wise or skillful man; it often refers to someone who is a great Torah scholar. It can also refer to any cultured and learned person: "He who says a wise thing is called a hakham, even if he be not a Jew."[1] Hence in Talmudic-Midrashic literature, wise gentiles are commonly called hakhmei ummot ha-'olam ("wise men of the nations of the world").
In Sephardic usage, Hakham is a synonym for "rabbi".
In ancient times
"Hakham" as an official title is found as early as the first Sanhedrin, after the reconstruction of that body, when the Hadrianic religious persecutions had ceased. In addition to the nasi Simeon ben Gamliel, two other scholars stood at the head of the Sanhedrin, namely Nathan the Babylonian as Av Beit Din and Rabbi Meir as hakham.[2] Another hakham mentioned by name was Simon, the son of Judah the Prince, who after the death of his father officiated as hakham, with his elder brother the nasi.[3]
Just what were the functions of the hakham is not clear. Rapoport's suggestion that he was the arbiter in matters of ritual prohibition and permission is highly improbable. Zecharias Frankel looks upon the hakham as a presiding officer whose duty it was to examine a case in question from all points of view, and, having summed up the results, to present the matter for discussion. It is more probable, however, that the office of hakham was created in order to secure a majority in cases of difference of opinion between the nasi and the Av Beit Din in the affairs of the Sanhedrin; one of the most eminent scholars was always chosen for the post. A baraita[4] leads to the inference that the hakham was always the director of a school ("bet ha-midrash"), for in addition to the Great Sanhedrin, which later came to take the place of an academy, there were also private academies under the direction of eminent scholars. The origin of the office of hakham is as doubtful as its duration.
Frankel thinks that Joshua ben Hananiah (early 2nd century) was the first hakham, but he does not sufficiently support this assertion. The office seems to have existed in Palestine as long as the academy of the nasi. An amora of the fourth century recounts the following rule of etiquette, still observed in his time: "When the hakham appears in the academy everyone present must rise as soon as he comes within four ells of him, and must remain standing until he has gone four ells beyond". It is hardly possible that the office of hakham existed in Babylonia, where the relation of the exilarch to the heads of the academy was entirely different from that existing in Palestine between the latter and the nasi. Here "hakham" was merely the term for a Jewish scholar who studied chiefly oral traditions, while the terms sofer and qara were applied to Bible scholars.[5] In the Seder Olam Zutta,[6] every exilarch is accompanied by a hakham, who probably had charge of the religious affairs of the exilarchate; but as this work originated in Palestine, the author probably applied Palestinian conditions to Babylon. The Syrian Aphrahat, who had met only Babylonian Jews, mentions a man "who is called the 'hakkima' of the Jews",[7] but this too may mean "the wise man" of the Jews.
The plural, "hakhamim," is generally used in the Talmud, and also by the Tannaim, to designate the majority of scholars as against a single authority. The Aramean equivalent is "rabbanan."
Among the Sephardim
Among Sephardi Jews, particularly Spanish and Portuguese Jews, "hakham" is the official title of the local rabbi, but it is not known how old the title is. Shlomo ibn Aderet addresses some of his responsa to people with "lehakham Rabbi...",[8] others again with "larab Rabbi...",[9] but it is possible that "lehakham" simply means "to the wise."
The surname Hacham is found among both Sephardic and Ashkenazic Jews, including variations such as Hachami, Hachamovich, Hachamson.
In Muslim countries
In the Muslim world, a rabbi was often called a ḥākhām because al-Rab is one of the names of God in Islam and may have caused offense due to misunderstanding. Thus the Chief Rabbi of the Ottoman Empire was called the Hakham Bashi (Hahambaşı حاخامباشی).
Although the word ḥākhām is derived from the common Semitic root Ḥ-K-M, the second consonant is generally spelled with a ḫāʾ ⟨خ⟩ in Arabic and in languages that use Arabic alphabet to reflect the Hebrew pronunciation: حاخام. The term is cognate to the Arabic words حاكم ḥākim (ruler/lord) and حكيم ḥakīm (wise man).
Karaite Judaism
In Karaite Judaism, spiritual leaders are called hakham to distinguish them from their rabbinic (i.e. non-Karaite) counterparts.[citation needed] Since Karaite theology is based on the use of reason by individuals to determine the applications of the Hebrew Bible's laws for themselves, the role of a hakham is more "advisory" than that of a rabbi in standard Orthodox Judaism.
References
- ^ Talmud, Megillah 16a
- ^ Talmud, Horayot 13b
- ^ Talmud, Ketubot 103b
- ^ Moed Kattan 22b
- ^ Kiddushin 49a,b; Sotah 49a; Yerushalmi Sotah 9 23b; Yerushalmi Ta'anit 4 68a, where "ḥakkim" is used ironically for the ḥakam of the academy
- ^ "M. J. C." ed. Neubauer, pp. 71 et seq.
- ^ "Homilies," xxiv., ed. Wright, p. 394
- ^ Responsa, Nos. 79, 395
- ^ Nos. 219, 346
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Solomon Schechter and Louis Ginzberg (1901–1906). "Ḥakam". In Singer, Isidore; et al. (eds.). The Jewish Encyclopedia. New York: Funk & Wagnalls.
- Zechariah Frankel, in Monatsschrift, i. 345-349
- idem, Darkhe ha-Mishnah, p. 154, and Supplement, pp. 7, 8
- Halévy, Dorot ha-Rishonim, ii. 20 (to the passages cited by Halévy add Yer. Mak. ii. 31d)
- Rapoport, 'Erekh Millin, p. 2.